'Managing Marine Resources Sustainably\r'

'MANAGING MARINE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY 8/17/2011 Sanie Joel V. Cagoco Managing naval Resources Sustainably 2011 obligate SUMMARY Eutrophication is a syndrome of ecosystem responses to piece activities that fertilize water bodies with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), ofttimes leading to changes in animal and plant populations and abjection of water and habitat quality. Nitrogen and phosphorous atomic number 18 essential components of structural proteins, enzymes, cell membranes, nucleic acids and molecules that capture and lend oneself light and chemical energy to support spiritedness.\r\nThe biologically available forms of Nitrogen and phosphorous be collapse at low concentrations in pristine lakes, rivers, estuaries and in vast regions of the upper shipboard soldieric. The natural resources of the sea atomic number 18 extremely valuable and, for the close part, are renewable. If right managed, they should volunteer continuing returns into the future without diminis hing their productivity. Yet, for numerous of these resources, including those of importance to industries much(prenominal) as ? shing and tourism, ef? ient way and sustainable exploitation do been the exception rather than the rule. Resources hold been depleted and have collapsed due to over-exploitation, with severe stinting and social consequences for the humans relying on them. Increasing take on for ocean resources due to population growth and economical expansion has raised concern about the sustainability of the ocean resources and amenities that contribute to the tumefy-being of people well-nigh the globe. Highly productive fisheries have collapsed, leatherneck and coastal habitats have been\r\nEutrophication was first evident in lakes and rivers as they became choked with excessive growth of rooted plants and locomote algal scums, prompting intense study in the 1960’s †70’s and culmination in the scientific basis for banning phosphate detergent s and upgrading sewer treatment to reduce wastewater Nitrogen and Phosphorous discharges to inland waters. lost or degraded, and carbon dioxide from fogey fuels is changing the climate and somewhat of the basic properties of the nautical environment. These stresses increase the urgency of growing sustainable practices for activities in the ocean.\r\nOf the oceans renewable resources, fish are probably the most pressing concern to people around the world. The sustainability of the oceans fisheries is essential for the well-being of people in both developing and industrialized nations, through markets that range from local to ball-shaped in scale. Sea diet is the major source of protein for more than 1 billion people internationally, while about 44 million depend on fishing or fish farming for their livelihood. Because seafood provides an immediate connection amongst the ocean and people, we discuss fish production in terms of managing the kooky harvest and developing sustaina ble quaculture practices. (Susan Roberts and Kenneth Brink) 1 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 Common to most definitions of sustainability is the archetype of using renewable resources without jeopardizing their availability for use by future generations. Sustainable meaning different things to different people, and nonably has been a point of contention in fisheries management. The 1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity delimit sustainable use as ? the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity, t here(predicate)by maintaining its otential to meet the needs and aspirations of vex and future generations. Fisheries management involves regulating when, where, how, and how a lot fishermen are allowed to harvest to ensure that there bequeath be fish in the future. It draws on fisheries cognition in order to find ways to cherish fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. ultramodern fisheries management is often referred to as a political system of appropriate management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management fashion to implement the rules, which are put in entrust by a system of monitoring manoeuvre and surveillance.\r\nThru Fishery management, oceans would be fished and farmed to protect long-term production, not to generate the highest short-term cash flow. Market prices for catches would jump on and fall within a predictable and economic range, which would reward fairly the boat owners’ investments and crews’ labor. Fishing families would get ahead steadfast, year-round wages, and their coastal communities would thrive on these fishing wages and income generated by supporting businesses. Consumers would have stable supplies of high-quality local seafood.\r\nAn armistice would end the debilitating wars in the midst of fishermen and environmentalists; regimen regulators would make quick realis tic decisions; and courtroom dockets would be empty of head-of-the-pin fisheries cases Many different strategies have been proposed to make fisheries more sustainable. A few of these approaches, which could be pursued in concert, are described here: (a) adopting more conservative catch limits, (b) changing the economic incentives of the fishing industry, and (c) enhancing the demand for sustainable products.\r\nAn ecosystem is the basic working(a) unit in ecology, as it includes both organisms and their abiotic environment. No organism buns exist without the environment. Ecosystem represents the highest level of ecologic integration which is energy based. A pond, a lake, a coral reef, part of any field and a laboratory culture can be some of the examples of ecosystems. Thus an ecosystem is 2 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 defined as a specific unit of all the organisms occupying a wedded area which interacts with the physical environment producing unambiguous trophi c structure, biotic diversity and material cycling.\r\nAquaculture, in like manner known as aqua farming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and Growing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the etymon to a major saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with mercantile fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture sound in nautical environments. The wild capture fisheries are only one part of the seafood industry.\r\nThe largest growth in seafood production since 1990 has been in aquaculture, which currently accounts for about third base of the world’s total fish and circumvent harvest. Aquaculture is expected to increase in importance as the demand for seafood increases. bionomic catastrophe †overharvesting of the world’s marine life †while contributing to the orbicular pr oviso of well-grounded seafood. In aquaculture, there is also the option of farming herbivores instead of carnivores. This typically means culturing filter-feeding shellfish such as mussels, clams, and oysters.\r\nThese species do not require fish feeds †they are mostly herbivores that tucker out phytoplankton in the water and their culture can be beneficial in areas prone to phytoplankton blooms and eutrophication. However, some of the other(a) concerns about aquaculture also apply to the culture of these mollusks including the set up of aquaculture operations on marine habitats and resident species. ARTICLE’S RELATIONSHIP TO PHILIPPINE ENVIRONTMENTAL CONDITION AND IT’S AGENCIES CONCERNED The region’s main environmental institution is the discussion section of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).\r\nIt was created in 1987 by Executive Order No. 192, which consolidate several government agencies performing environmental functions. The DENR is in general responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use of the nation’s environment and natural resources, specifically wood and grazing lands, mineral resources, and lands of the public domain, as well as the licensing and regulation of all natural resources. 3 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 Apart from the DENR, there are other national government agencies involved in environmental management.\r\nThe major ones include the Department of Agriculture (DA) and its self-assurance of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of health (DOH), field Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), National Water Resources Board (NWRB), National Power flock (NAPOCOR), and Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC) (the hold two, in connection with watershed areas and reservations supporting hydroelectric power generation and geothermal fields, respectively).\r\nMoreover, even agencies not traditionally assoc iated with environmental functions, such as the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Transportation and discourse (DOTC) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), have been given environmental management roles under the Clean demarcation Act and Clean Water Act. Given the country’s poor fiscal position, limited financial resources is a problem that the DENR and other agencies with environmental management functions share with the rest of the bureaucracy.\r\nTo address the environmental sector’s financial needs despite this limitation, reforms are necessary in both demand and supply sides. Progress has been made in terms of the institutional arrangements in the Philippines in addressing marine resources sustainably but the present situation requires a comprehensive strategy that go away enable the country to meatively chart a more sustainable future. The establishment of a conduct institutional mechanism by which the challenge of managi ng marine resources can be addressed is necessary.\r\nAmbiguities in the government institutions tasked to deal with marine resources issues must be eliminated. The highest precession however is to adopt and implement a strategical framework which should guide the Philippine response in managing our marine resources. CONCLUSION If aquaculture is to fulfill its great promise, however, governments and citizens as well must be vigilant. Short-term economic considerations exit make it all alike easy for marine aquaculture to slip into the ecologically harmful methods of large-scale, intensive stock production increasingly adopted on land.\r\n in spite of some recent improvements, experience to date with commercial salmon farming is not encouraging in this regard. The most popular farmed species among consumers in developed countries tend to be carnivores, creating an additional challenge to sustainability. Forms of 4 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 aquaculture that co nsume more fish than they produce cannot take to heart society in addressing the global problem of wild fisheries depletion.\r\nAs we look forward over a century, it is clear that human impacts allow continue, but that the temper and form of those impacts will surely change. New approaches are being developed to help balance the uses of coastal and marine environments, including no consumptive ecosystem services such as erosion control, biological carbon sequestration, diversionary attack and tourism. Continued investments in research and strategic, long-term readying can help to ensure that future generations will have an opportunity to experience and enjoy the ocean and its many resources.\r\nThe responsible use of the planet’s resources to meet the needs of society for healthful food is a goal universally supported by those across the spectrum of the aquaculture debate. All human activities have an effect on the environment, but in these early long time of the 21st ce ntury, we are increasingly realizing that we have trod too heavily on the planet. Unsustainable consumption patterns, particularly in developed countries, are leading to global ecological disruption and rapid depletion of both renewable and nonrenewable resources. It is in this context that the future of aquaculture must be determined.\r\nGrowing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the solution to a major ecological catastropheâ€overharvesting of the world’s marine lifeâ€while contributing to the global supply of healthy seafood. About the article’s authors: S. J. Roberts is the director of the naval Studies Board at the National seek Council where she has worked since 1998. She standard her B. S. in zoology from Duke University and Ph. D. in marine biota from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She has undertaken research on fish physiology, symbiosis, and developmental biology.\r\nAt the National Research Council, she has conducted many studies on marine resource issues such as marine protected areas, ecosystem effects of fishing, and endangered species. K. H. Brink is a physical oceanographer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where he has worked since 1980. He was educated at Cornell (B. S. ) and Yale (Ph. D. ). His research concentrates on currents over the continental shelf, and their implications. His service as professorship of The Oceanography Society, and as Chair of the National Research Councils Ocean Studies Board, have involved him in a range of practical concerns about the ocean. 5\r\n'