Development of Scince and Technology in India

Since Independence, India has endeavoured to bring economical and neighborly change with experience and engine room. The effort has been some(prenominal) on upgrading the traditionalistic skills to make them pertinent and competitive and create ripe capabilities in frontier argonas of learning and engineering intuition. The flockaries who led the increaseing of science and engineering (S&T) in India were convinced that S&T could play an classical bureau in transforming India in to a modern, industrialized alignment. view and entrusts show that this confidence was puff up placed. scientific discipline, technology, and first appearance be even more(prenominal) relevant directly. scientific k like a shotledge and expertise, innovation, high technology, industrial infrastructure and skilled go military posture argon the currencies of this sophisticated era. scholarship and apply science ar authorized drivers of economic growth and schooling in the contemporary gentleman. The express occasion is critical for Indian science and major(ip)(ip) positive steps in this empyrean testament help the surface ara to strike sustained and rapid growth in the future.The wisdom and engineering science Division of the grooming agency is the nodal division for t out(a) ensemble matters relating to cognizance and Technology Plan conceptualisation ( both Five affable class Plans and Annual Plans) and judgment of the S&T political programs of six major S&T agencies/ incisions, viz. discussion section of atomic might (DAE)- R&D Sector surgical incision of aloofness ( do) segment of learning and Technology (DST) Department of biotechnology (DBT) Department of Scientific and industrial look (DSIR) including the Council of Scientific and industrial seek (CSIR) Ministry of creation wisdoms (MoES) The Division has been maintaining a close striking with these S&T agencies/departments for smooth study flow and provides t hem important suggestions/inputs in the formulation of various S&T plans and create mentallys at various wooden legs of plan formulation, implementation and unrivalled-half course of studyly reviews. The Division has as closely as been providing important inputs in the formulation of S&T indemnity.In order to promote Science and Technology in the States/UTs, create scientific aw argonness among the masses by way of conduct of popularization of S&T and technology dissemi solid ground for disclose the quality of biography of the corporation, the Division infratakes flesh out discussions with the re toastatives of the States/UTs and provides important inputs/suggestions for the formulation of their Five Year Plans and Annual Plans in respect of the Science and Technology Sector. The indispensable division of science in modern spirit is non oerstated in view of todays world. Science and technology pretend pro namely influenced the melodic phrase of valet civili zation.Science has provided us remarkable insights into the world we live in. The scientific revolutions of the 20th snow father led to many an(prenominal) technologies, which look to to herald wholly impertinentfoundly eras in many written reports, As we stand today at the beginning of a new pennyury, we impart to ensure fullest spend of these in definings for the thoroughly world of our batch. Science and technology fix been an integral part of Indian elaboration and culture over the past some(prenominal) millennia. Few are aware that India was the brain of important foundational scientific tuitions and approaches.These cover many wide scientific discoveries and technological achievements in Mathematics, Astronomy, Architecture, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Medicine, Natural Philosophy and otherwise areas. A with child(p) deal of this travelled outward from India. Equally, India be nerves assimilated scientific ideas and techniques from elsew here, with open-mind edness and a thinking(prenominal) attitude, characteristic of a scientific ethos. Indias traditions experience been founded on the principles of universal harmoniousness, respect for all creations and an integrated holistic approach.This background is potence to provide valuable insights for future scientific advances. During the century prior to independence, there was an awaken of modem science in India through with(predicate) the efforts of a weigh of outstanding scientists. They were responsible for large(p) scientific advances of the highest inter case caliber. Apart from the enormous changes it has brought about, the suppuration of a scientific ire in the people is considered important. In the be after economy of a artless, science must necessarily play an peculiarly important percentage.Improvements in techniques evolved as a result of scientific inquiry brings about commodious increases in business in the unlike celestial spheres of the economy. National r e ascendants are augmented by the substitution of cheap and abundant materials for those in scarce supplies and by finding uses for materials, which flip remained un-utilized, prior to independence, very little concern was given to the problem of scientific and industrial interrogation in India. A publication of universities and institutes carried out enquiry, aboutly on indispensable aspects of science.Certain industries also had their own inquiry organizations. However, industriousness depended, by and queen-sized, on foreign techniques and did non develop enquiry programmes of its own. A whopping number of products that had been imported into the body politic had to be manu eventured to meet both noncombatant and military needs. Indian substitutes had to be found for imported materials and processes had to be developed which would use these materials in place of imported ones. In these circumstances, the Government of India effected break off lineup of Scientific and Industrial research in 1940.The Council of Scientific and Industrial look into was create in 1942. Since independence there has been a greater emphasis on the readying of additional facilities for the promotion of scientific and industrial research. The most square increment in this sphere has been the establishment of a grasp of case laboratories and research institutes in unlike parts of the country. The establishment of field laboratories and research institutes has a special importance in a country like India where fair and small-scale producers contri neverthelesse a enormous proportion of industrial proceeds.These industries force outnot afford to affirm research facilities of their own, as the larger producers can. anyhow these laboratories and research institutes, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research has make contributions towards the promotion of funda psychical and utilize research at a number of institutions and universities. In the half c entury since independence, India has been affiliated to the task of promoting the spread of science. The key role of technology as an important cistron of bailiwick developing is also well recognized.The Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 and the Technology Policy Statement of 1983 enunciated the principles on which die off growth of science and technology in India has been based over the past several(prenominal)(prenominal) decades. These policies reserve emphasized self-reliance, as also sustainable and equitable development. Successes in agriculture, health care, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, atomic verve, astronomy and astrophysics, property technology and applications, defence research, biotechnology, electronics, information technology and oceanography are widely ac familiarityd. major national achievements overwhelm very probatory increase in aliment production, eradication or mince of several distempers and increase smell antepast of our citizens. While these developments have been highly satisfying, one is also aware of die prominent changes that have taken place, and continue to do so, in die practice of science, in technology development, and their relationships with, and feign on die nightspot. Particularly striking is die adeptness with which science and technology is moving ahead.Science is befitting increasingly inter-and multi-disciplinary, and calls for multi-institutional and, in several cases, multi-country participation. Major experimental facilities, even in several areas of staple research, require very large amount of materials, benevolent and able resources. Science and technology have break so closely intertwined, and so reinforce apiece other that, to be effective, any polity needs to view them together.The continuing revolutions in die field of information and dialogue technology have had profound jolt on the manner and speed with which scientific information becomes available, and scientific interac tions take place. Science and technology have had unprecedented usurpation on economic growth and favorable development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and antecedent. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of friendship, to new norms of intellectual property undecomposeds, and to global trade and technology control regimes.Scientific and technological developments today also have deep ethical, legal and genial implications. There are deep concerns in society about these. The ongoing globalisation and the intensely competitive environment have a significant impact on the production and service sectors. Because of all this, our science and technology strategy has to be infused with new vitality if it is to play a deciding(prenominal) and beneficial role hi move on the well be of all sections of our society. The nation continues to be firm in its square off to provide science and technology in all its facets.It recognizes its central role in ra ising the quality of life of the people of the country, particularly of the disadvantaged sections of society, in creating wealthinessiness for all, in making India globally competitive, in utilizing immanent resources in a sustainable manner, in defend die environment, and ensuring national security. India has the third largest scientific and technical hands in the world 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories that have made some significant achievements.In the field of missile launch technology, India is among the tailfin top nations of the world. Science and Technology, however, is used as an effective instrument of growth and change. It is world brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of agriculture, intentness and run. The countrys resources are used to derive the maximum output for the return of society and forward motion in the quality of life. About 85 per cent of the funds for science and technology come directly or indirectly from the Government.The science and technology infrastructure in the country accounts for more than one per cent of the GNP. Science and technology in India is enter a new frontier. The prime purpose of Indias nuclear energy programme is the development and use of nuclear energy for nonbelligerent purposes such as power coevals, applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, research and other areas. India is today recognized as one of the countries most locomote in nuclear technology including production of source materials.The country is self-reliant and has master the expertise diligence the complete nuclear cycle-from exploration and mining to power constituentration and waste focussing. Accelerators and research and power reactors are now designed and built naturally. The educate variable energy cyclotron at Kolkata and a medium energy heavy ion accelerator pe dal pelletron set up recently at Mumbai are national research facilities in the frontier areas of the science. As part of its programme for peaceful uses of atomic energy, India has also embarked on a program of nuclear power contemporaries.Currently eight nuclear stations are producing 8 billion kilowatts of electricity. Four more nuclear power stations have been planned. The new nuclear reactors have been all in all designed in India. The peaceful nuclear programme also allows producing radio-isotopes for use in agriculture, medicine, industry and research. The Indian lieu Research Organization (ISRO), under the Department of blank shell (DOS), is responsible for research, development and consummation in position systems in the areas of planet communications, unlike comprehend for resource survey, environmental monitoring, meteorological services etc.DOS is also the nodal agency for the visible Research laboratorywhich conducts research in the areas of outer space scie nce, and the National Remote espial theatrical which deploys modern far sensing techniques for pictorial resource surveys and provides exerciseal services to substance abuser agencies. India is the only third world country to develop its own unconnected sensing artificial satellite. India joined a select mathematical group of six nations on October 15, 1994, when the icy cranial orbiter engross vehicle (PSLV) successfully . fulfill its mission of placing the 800-kg remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, in the intended orbit.The INSAT series of satellites launched earlier are performing well and provide vital services for telecommunications, tv, meteorology, disaster warning and regret detection. The latest INSAT series go out include new features like Kit-band transponders and mobile satellite service, transponders. The remote-sensing satellites, launched in 1988 and 1991, have already become the mainstays of the indwelling resource management system of the country. Th e projected launch of advanced remote sensing satellite will not only enhance the scope of their application, but will also offer commercial-grade service to other countries.The most significant milestone of the Indian quad plan during the year 2005-06 was the successful launch of PSLV-C6. On May 5, 2006, the ninth flight of Polar beam Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C6) from Satish Dhawan lieu centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota successfully placed ii satellites-1560 kg CARTOSTAR-1 and 42 kg HAMSAT-into a predetermined polar Sun synchronised Orbit (SSO). The successful launch of INSAT-4A, the heaviest and most tidy Satellite built by India so far, on 22 celestial latitude 2005 was the other major event of the year 2005-06. INSAT-4A is capable of providing Direct-To-Home (DTH) television broadcasting services.The Indian space programme entered a new era when ISROs Polar Satellite Launch vehicle (PSLV)-C7 successfully launched on January 10,2007 4 satellites into high polar orbit from Sati sh Dhawan berth Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. The four satellites put into orbit were Indias CARTUSAT-2 and space Capsule Recovery Experiment. (SRE-1), Indonesias LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argentinas PEHUENSAT-1. The Indian achievement in the application of space-based remote sensing technology has led a US company to enter into an balance for marketing the data from Indian satellites globally.Indias increase in space technology has attracted world-wide attention and demand, with leasing agreements for marketing of IRS data and communicate of space hardware and services. India also believes in co-operation in space with agencies all over the world. A high- aim UN team selected India for ambit up a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education. India is on the verge of achieving self-reliance in the launch force. It will be a befitting subvention to the father of the Indian space program, Dr. Vikararn Sarabhai, whose ninetieth take anniversary was observed in August 2006.India h as been the forerunner among the developing countries in promoting multi-disciplinary activities in the field of biotechnology, recognizing the practically straight-out possibility of their applications in increasing outlandish and industrial production, and in improving human and animal life. The nucleus of research in this area is the National bioengineering Board, constituted in 1982. A Department of Biotechnology was created in 1986. Recently, the Biotechnology Consortium India particular(a) was set up. It will play the role of catalyst in bridging the breakage mingled with Research and Development, Industrial and Financial Institutions.Some of the new initiatives taken include developing techniques for gene mapping, conservation of biodiversity and bio indicators research, special biotechnology programs for the improvement of die scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and activities in the area of plantation oops. The areas, which have been receiving attention, are cattl e herd improvement through embryo transfer technology, in vitro e enormousation of disease resistant plant varieties for obtaining higher(prenominal) yields, and development of vaccines for various diseases.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was realised in 1942, and is today the premier institution for scientific and industrial research. It has a ne devilrk of 40 laboratories, two co-operative industrial research institutions and more than deoxycytidine monophosphate extension and field centres. The Councils research programs are directed towards effective physical exercise of the countrys inhering resources and development of new processes and products for economic progress. It is now playing a leading role in the fulfillment of the technology missions evolved by the Government.Thus, we see that India has made unprecedented development in the field of scientific research and technology during the post-independence period and this just seems to be the beginni ng of a road with everlasting possibilities. All we need is to plan and conduct in a way so as to be able to arms our intelligentsia in the right focalisation and provide it with the right opportunities. Science has been a major force in the development of the modern world. It has had a great impact on industry, commerce and the societal life of nations. India is rightly proud of the high world-wide standing of its scientific community.The rapid growth in its heavy industrial sector is one testament to this achievement. Yet at a time when new advances are being made in about all fields of investigation and practical application, the fact remains that ninety percent of the country lies outside the influence of science, unaffected or barely touched by the rapid growth in familiarity and the new technologies that have evolved. This is a country where highly advanced industry lives on side primitive agriculture, but unaffectionate by an ample generation gap a gap in educat ion, successfulness and motivation.The reason for this is that science as it exists here today is not a immanent development of nor integrated with the life of the nation. quite it has been imposed as a superstructure on the amicable and economic life of the country and has failed to become a dynamic force for widespread social upliftment. Government planners have recognized this gap which divides the nation by a fewer centuries of progress and we are now seeing the first in truth attempts to bridge the distance. The problem of development is twofold.It is a task of awakening the sleeping potential of the country and educating it for effective action. It is also a task of alineing and molding the latest discoveries, technologies and life styles imported from the western world into a form and spirit in harmony with Indias social and cultural heritage. In the field of science this dual necessity can easily be seen. It is not nice that we create in the people an involution in m odern technology or a willingness to adopt it.It is first essential that the scientific community in India adapt itself to the needs of the country and the people. The pivotal questions are how to involve scientists in evolving technologies relevant to the present needs of the people which elbow room the bucolic communities and how to ensure the application of existing fellowship in the field of agriculture, industry and social life. In the developed countries which passed through the Industrial Revolution, science has come to occupy its present position through successive stages of subjective social evolution.Among the conditions responsible for this development were the birth of democracy and political freedom, the spread of education, the deck up of critical mental enquiry as a reaction to the dogmatism of Christianity and the spirited expansion of human society through the opening of world wide commerce. nous began to revolt against stagnation and religious vehemence a nd to actively look for relationships between natural phenomena. Intuition was given scope for expression. This mental awakening took place in the mount of an industrial revolution.That is, mental enquiry at once expressed itself through the ceremony of natural law and the application of this knowledge for devising instruments of social utility. Mind arrogantly proclaimed itself the ruler of man and nature. nice science and applied technology grew side by side integrated with the society in which they rose through state-of-the-art stages of development. The industrial revolution absorbed the great mental energies unleashed by scientific enquiry. merchandise SCIENCE During the period of western industrialisation India was, historically speaking, in decline.Her population had wise to(p) to live on a subsistence level. The support of religion, culture and spirituality preserved social contentment and traditional ways. Society lacked the movement to grow and expand. Science as a social institution and organised way of life came to India only after independence. present it did not arise naturally out of the existing social conditions but preferably came as a decision by the national and authorities leaders to come after the developmental achievements of the West.It was not born of a ripened mental climate for originative thought nor from a condition of great commercial activity and expression. In other words, it was imposed as a superstructure on top of the nation without reference to the felt need of the people or the stage of its historical and sociological evolution. AGRICULTURE, CUM industrial CUM SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT now the scientific community transcends national borders and social customs. It is truly world(prenominal) in outlook, sub of knowledge, participation of members.A scientist draws inspiration in being recognised by the higher echelons of the outside(a) community. To this extent the scientist has become insulated from the social melodic phrase of the country in which he lives. This is especially true in India where science was never integrated with its social base. The problem approach us is to propose ways and means to accomplish this social integration of scientific knowledge and the community of scientists in India.The development of science in a society occurs under certain social conditions and progresses through certain stages of development. Neither these conditions nor stages can be completely eliminated though they may depart in their make-up and duration. But it is thinkable to foster the conditions which will accelerate a natural progressive development. For science to be integrated with life, it means that scientific knowledge and technology must be applied in the context of daily life which in India centers around agriculture and to a lesser extent industry and commerce.In fact the tasks of promoting the agricultural and industrial development of the nation and the application of science to social life are essentially one. The proper gloriole must be created for a natural development of science in conjunction with agriculture and industry. The linking of these three is the key to national development. VILLAGE BASED SCIENTIFIC mutation When the scientific community turns its attention to move on coarse life, the conditions will be right for a socio-scientific revolution at the resolution level. Rural life in India means agriculture and agro-based industries.Already agriculture is being develop through introduction of new hybridizing results, and the growing utilization of fertilizers and chemicals. Rural juvenility are becoming accustomed to the operation of machinery. More agricultural products are being converted into consumer goods through agro-based industries. But for the rural people to rise above the level of the soil and develop mentally and scientifically, it is essential to release the dynamism of the village population. The veridical lever of devel opment is the releasing and channeling of the social energies of the people.This can be accomplished when a few individuals in every community are made to see and benefit materially from the application of scientific techniques in their daily life. Once a few have prospered in this manner, whole villages will follow suit. Space science Space activities in the country started during early sixties with the scientific investigation of upper zephyr and ionosphere over the magnetic equator that passes over Thumba go about Thiruvananthapuram using small sounding rockets Realising the immense potential of space technology for national development, Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful technology could play a pregnant role in national development and solving the problems of common man. Thus, Indian Space programme born in the church service beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability to b uild and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources.The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research musical arrangement (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS persona of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, m ainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research research laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL).The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services Department of Atomic Energy The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set-up on August 3, 1954 under the direct charge of the Prime see through a Presidential Order. The vision of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is to empower India through technology, creation of more wealth and providing better quality of life to its citizen.This is to be achieved by making India energy independent, bestow to provision of sufficient, safe and nutritious food and better health care to our people through development and deployment of nuclear and beam technologies and their applications. DAE is engaged in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power/research reactors and the load-bearing(a) nuclear open fire cycle technologies covering exploration, mining and processing of nuclear minerals, production of heavy peeing, nuclear go off fabrication, fuel reprocessing and nuclear waste management. It is also eveloping advanced technologies that contribute to the national prosperity. The spin-off technologies, human resource developed and technical services being rendered by the Department have been greatly helping the Indian industry. The Department is also developing better crop varieties, techniques for control/eradication of insects thus protecting the crops, radiation based post harvest technologies, radiation based techniques for diagnosis and therapy of disease particularly cancer, technologies for safe drinking water, better environment and robust industry.Main Focus areas of work in DAE are Increasing treat of nuclear power through deployment of indigenous and other proven technologies, along with development of f ast breeder reactors and thorium reactors with associated fuel cycle facilities. 1. Building and operation of research reactors for production of radioisotopes and carrying out radiation technology applications in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry. 2.Developing advanced technologies such as accelerators, lasers, supercomputers, advanced materials and instrumentation, and support transfer of technology to industry. 3. Support to basic research in nuclear energy and related frontier areas of science, interaction with universities and schoolman institutions, support to research and development projects having a bearing in DAEs programmes and international co-operation in related advanced areas of research and 4. Contribution to national security.DAE has made the chase significant contributions of DAE to the national initiatives 1. AGRICULTURE compound production of oilseeds and pulses 2. EDUCATION, HEALTH i. Homi Bhabha National make for (HBNI) ii. National Initiativ e on undergraduate Science (NIUS) iii. Countrywide Services in Cancer through Telemedicine 3. FOOD & fodder SECURITYRadiation Processing of sustenance & Agro Products 4. WATER RESOURCESDesalination in water scarcity areas along the sea bank 5.ENERGY SECURITY Electricity supply in near and long term ensuring long term sustainable development. solar Energy Research Initiative Department of Science and Technology (DST) is primarily mandated with promotion of R activities. Accordingly, DSTs initiative on Solar Energy is positioned upstream with thrust on enabling knowledge based R activities for entire gamut of solar technologies including balance of systems. This is expect to be achieved through nurturing of R groups, formation of consortia and setting up of State-of-art facilities.Solar Energy utilization for applications both for power as well as other than power generation with a view to provide convergent technology solutions under real-life conditions are being explored and ass essed. DST in recent times has made foray in the area of solar energy through various duplicate independent initiatives with distinct objectives. S Inputs for Policy Formulation Precompetitive Research & Technology Upgradation underlying Research and Disruptive Technologies International Cooperation alter R for Solar Technologies