Photography in Social Media Essay

In theory, social networks can be used to boost confidence and make a person feel closer to his or her peers in their social lives. Teenagers in this day and age no longer live in a world of handwritten notes passed back and forth in class. They are living social lives on a completely public forum. The youth of this generation have the access to take a picture of anything they wish and have the ability to post the picture to any social networking site for the world to see. With technology advancing, it is becoming easier and easier to document life through technology and can be done as simply as a flick of the wrist. Photography has had a significant impact on the social lives of today’s youth. To understand this impact on the youth, people have to look at the evolution of photography. The history of photography dates back to 1000 A.D., when a man by the name of Alhazen invented the pinhole camera (Bellis). Ever sine this marvelous invention, the art of photography has grown. When the ability of taking pictures was first introduced to the world, few people could afford it so in the beginning it wasn’t very popular. Today, it is seldom heard of that a household does not own one or more cameras. The way technology has advanced over the years, most cell phones today even have cameras built in them. As a result of the growing popularity the physical camera advanced to meet the demands of its new found audiences (Bellis). Social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook are guaranteed to have millions of visitors daily. With all of these visitors, advertisors have an excellent place to do what they do best; advertise. They do this by selecting a photo that is appealing to a particular audience and providing a brief description on how that photo relates to their product or services and how the reader could benefit from this. How the picture is displayed is crucial to the overall benefit of the advertisement so it is imperitive that a good photographer is used in order to make sure the photo is as attractive as possible. Advertising is the best way for businesses to reach out to the youth in order to make a profit and keep the economy flowing as smoothly as it can. Although advertising through social media is not the only way to do it, it is the most common and most effective (â€Å"The Social Media Advertising Ecosystem Explained†). Clearly picture advertisments are needed on social  networking sites to keep the sites funded while selling a product to keep the businesses funded. Photo editing is a crucial step in the creating of the final photograph. It is required that a photographer has basic knowledge of photo editing if one wants to be successful. The most important part of a photo shoot is the work it involves after the photos have been shot! Post processing photo editing has become the anthem for many professional photographers (â€Å"What Is Photo Editing?†). To achieve above work standards, the photo editing professionals have to use the correct software. There are many different kinds of software that have been introduced for professional editors. Photo editing gives people the ability of re-sizing and cropping their picture, changing the exposure and contrast of their picture, special effects and many more features depending on the editing software. Photo editing is a beautiful process that can remove unwanted blemishes and any unwanted objects from digital photos (â€Å"What Is Photo Editing?†). A photo editor is in charge of what th e final photograph will look like. If the editors are successful, the photo will appear to be un-edited, but will display a beautiful flawless image. Photo editing is an essential part of photography. Once the photos have been edited, it opens up many possibilitys on the web. There are multiple social networking sites that use photography and photo editing as their main purpose. Snapchat, Instgram, and Tumblr all include photography in social media. All of these social networking sites impact the social lives of today’s youth. The users of these sites are allowed to judge the other users photos by virtually â€Å"liking† them or writing their own opinions on the photo by leaving a comment on it. This can be subliminally considered a social ranking to teens who are looking for positive attention. This is one way that Social Media impacts the lives of today’s youth. A big impact on today’s youth is snapchat. Snapchat is a new way to share moments with friends. Snapchat is a photo messaging application developed by Stanford University students. In addition to photos, a short video can be sent. Snap an ugly selfie or a video, add a caption, and send it to a friend or maybe a few. They will receive it,  laugh, and then the snap disappears forever. The captions in the videos and pictures can only be as long as the screen is wide. If a user would like to fit more text on the screen, they would either tilt the device sideways so the text bar is longer, or write the words using the draw tool on snapchat. The color of the pen can be changed. Account users take a photo, send it to someone and ten-seconds later it has disappeared forever. No saving them, no forwarding them on. The app is designed to capture a moment and share it in an impermanent way, like speech. The image might be a little grainy, and users may not look their best, but that’s the point. It’s about the moment, a connection between friends, and not just a pretty picture although in the newest udpate filters were added so now editing is even allowed on Snapchat. On average, about 20 million snapchats are sent a day. Snapchat has a big impact on the social lives of today’s youth. There are multiple types of social networking sites that deal with photography and impact the social lives of today’s youth significantly such as, Instagram. Many teens and adults post images to a social networking site called Instagram. Instagram is an online photo-sharing, video-sharing and social networking service that enables its users to take pictures and videos, apply digital filters to them, and share them on a variety of social networking services, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and Flickr. Many teens and adults post pictures to Instagram using simple editing tool s such as filters to give their photos more of an â€Å"artsy† feel (â€Å"Picture to Pedophile†). â€Å"Instagrammers† post any photo they wish to display in the hopes of getting a multiple number of â€Å"likes† on that particular photo. It is almost like a social ranking in the teen social life. Sometimes photos are of the places they have been, or the things that they desire, or the food that they are consuming, and sometimes of themselves. Pictures on Instagram of the account creator are called â€Å"selfies†. The problem here is that the photos are very publicly available and are assigned to their user account (Picture to Pedophile). With teens living their social lives on a completely public forum, parents need to inform their children about privacy settings and internet safety. Instagram greatly impacts the social lives of today’s youth. Simply put, Tumblr is an image blogging site. With over 15 billion page views a month, Tumblr is a very addicting site to teens and youth in this day and age. Tumblr users post interesting photos, videos, and other  media to their followers, who can then share it with their followers as well. Tumblr has played a signiï ¬ cant role in shaping an individual’s identity and personality towards themselves and society via photo representation. The Tumblr environment has remarkably transformed the perspectives of adolescents’ own appearance and is one of the main contributors for the desire of teenagers to conform and stick to what is supposedly the norm of the status quo. Tumblr’s heavy emphasis on visual media, therefor, Tumblr is a photography based site that significantly impacts the social lives of today’s youth. Seeing as these personal photos are being publically broadcasted across the cyber world, many dangers come into play. â€Å"Catfishing† is a form of identity theft in which an online user is not who they claim to be. They steal pictures and try to represent the displayed person in order to gain something. This has become such a big issue recently that producers at MTV have made a TV show about noticing the signs of a person claiming to be someone they are not. As soon as a picture is posted online, it can be stolen and used by anyone who can view it. Once a picture is online, it is no longer private, even if the owner is unaware somebody else is using it. Online safety is a big issue when it comes to personal photographs (â€Å"Picture to Pediphile†). As the prevalence of online social networking grows so do psychologist’s concerns aboutInternet communications and its overall effect on adolescent social development. For example, while positive feedback on a photo would most likely cause a boost in self esteem, a negative type of feedback would contrarily do the opposite and cause a decrease in self esteem. Although a self esteem boost seems like a good thing, it can also have a negative effect on a teenager. â€Å"Too many compliments can all go straight to their ego and eventually it will be so big there will not be any room for their original personality.† A harsh case of criticism will also end up with negative effects as well. Cyber bullying is a major contributor to depression in young social networkers. The publicity and freedom of judgment on these uploaded photos can have major effect on how a young person feels towards themselves and how they act. This  is one of the most important ways that photography im pacts the social lives of the youth. While social networking does indeed have an effect on the youth of today, the photography that is involved with social networking plays an even bigger role in how the youth is effected. What would Facebook be without profile pictures and photo albums and the critics who judge them in the comment section? Would there even be Instagram or Snapchat? How would a teenager get the much needed self-esteem boost from a friendly compliment on a recently uploaded photo? Photography in social media and it’s effect on the youth is much larger than what most people realize. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. â€Å"History of Photography and the Camera.† About.com Inventors. About.com, 05 Mar. 2014. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. â€Å"The Social Media Advertising Ecosystem Explained.† Business Insider. N.p., 8 June 2013. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. . Munni, Rokaiya Y. â€Å"What Is Photo Editing?† Photo Editing and Photoshop Clipping Path Services What Is Photo Editing Comments. N.p., 1 Aug. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. . Birdsong, Toni. â€Å"Picture to Pedophile: The Danger of Instagram and Kik Messenger.† McAfee Picture to Pedophile The Danger of Instagram and Kik Messenger Comments. McAfee, 4 June 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. .

Kindergarten Essay

Kindergartens were started in the early 19th century in the belief in children’s inherent goodness. The founder emphasized on the importance of stories, nature study, music and play in addition to symbols. He advocated for the use of occupations and gifts among young children. In America, they started in the late 19th century and were mostly found in private institutions. They took half day and were mostly free. The educational goal then was not to impart children with reading and writing skills but it aimed to educate the children as a whole. This goal involved a wide range of activities inclusive of cleaning the children, feeding and clothing them (Saracho & Spodek, 2002). Changes in the curriculum goals and objectives The curriculum goals and objectives of kindergarten have changed significantly over time. Initially, kindergarten was characterised by fun, art, playtime, music, recess, story time, circle time and naptime. However, the current goals of kindergarten are learning and children are always assigned work to do. It is concentrating on learning more than having fun. In today’s curriculum, children are expected to learn science, social studies, writing, reading, math and even a second language. A whole school day is focused on instruction and the child is helped to learn in preparation for first grade. Children are also required to learn faster and cover more contents. By the time the kids are going to first grade, they are expected to have started acquiring reading skills (Saracho & Spodek, 2002). Current academic escalation in Kindergarten as a necessary evolutionary change School stakeholders have mixed feelings regarding the current academic escalation in kindergarten. Some feel that the children have not developed fully to understand all the contents they are made to cover. On the other hand, some are opinionated that the current world has many demands and therefore it is important to impart the necessary skills in children early enough. However, I feel that children should be let to grow and learn skills when their cognitive development can allow them to. This means that the changes are not very necessary since they are more academic oriented rather than fun directed and children are not ready for this. Reference: Saracho, Olivia N. & Spodek, Bernard, (2002), Contemporary perspectives on early childhood curriculum, ISBN 1930608276, 9781930608276, IAP.

Critically evaluate the extent to which international law recognizes a Essay

Critically evaluate the extent to which international law recognizes a right of self-defence to prevent attacks by terrorist organizations - Essay Example This paper aims to provide an articulate understanding of the author’s point of view in conclusion to this discussion, after critically evaluating the various provisions contained in the UN Charter regarding the right of a State to defend itself. â€Å"Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.†1 Under this provision, there is an inherent right of individual or collective self-defense of any member of the United Nations in case there is an armed attack that occurs.2 However, there is a limitation provided, in that, it is subject to review by the Security Council.3 Under customary international law, the pre-requisites to legitimate self-defense include the following: â€Å"1) an infringement or threatened infringement of the territorial integrity or political independence of the defending state; 2) the failure or inability of the other state to prevent the infringement; 3) the absence of alternative means to secure protection; and 4) the strict limitation of the defending states use of force to prevent the danger.†4 Although Article 51 of the UN Charter considers self-defense as an inherent right under customary international law, the provision providing for an â€Å"armed attack† is much debated.5 Various interpretations have also been made as regards the word â€Å"inherent† in the exercise of self-defence. The word â€Å"inherent† was said to have given a State the right to use

Technologys Effect on the Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Technologys Effect on the Music Industry - Essay Example Music as a form of artistic expression of sound in various media has evolved dramatically over the last century. The change in musical scenario was largely due to technological advancement in instrumental equipment and forms of recording, composing, listening and storing musical scores over periods to time. With contemporary music being enjoyed by the younger generation in a wider array of technological gadgets and equipments, the role of technology is closely reviewed and evaluated in terms of its being used for and against the interests of the musical recording industry in general. In this regard, the essay aims to proffer various technological factors that shaped and influenced the music industry of contemporary times. The discourse would identify the technological breakthroughs in contemporary music, particularly in the recording industry. Likewise, the research would delve into analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of technology being used either to support the recording industry or to pose a threat to its future thrusts. Finally, a personal opinion would be presented on the future of the recording industry given the various technological perspectives detailed herein.

Final Exam Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Exam Questions and Answers - Assignment Example Vapor from the surface of the earth into clouds of water in the air which then falls to the ground as rain is however excluded from this model. The concept of a healthy and an environmentally sustainable diet is a call for many in today’s generations. However, with ever-increasing concern about the future of food security and climate change there is significant renewed interest in the subject. Healthy and sustainable diet keen to help in reducing greenhouse gas emission have focused on reducing consumption of meat and dairy products. Recent research shows that it is practical to meet a proper diet that that is healthy and has lower emissions (Macdiarmid 14). A third of the cereals produced are fed to animals; the number of people that can be fed from these cereals is more than those fed from the animal products. Therefore, incentives through legislation can be employed to realize this. For example, input subsidies among others. The masses can also be educated on other benefits of a vegetarian diet such as healthy eating (Clonan 460). LCA is an assessment that quantifies the environmental impact, which includes raw materials, energy and emissions from eraction to end of life. The steps involved include; Scoping- involves defining the system and its boundaries. Inventory Analysis involves quantifying material and energy flows throughout the system. Impact assessment encompasses translating inventory data into meaningful impacts for example acidification, eutrophication. Improvement and interpretation analysis- making deductions and recommendations for example reduced carbon emissions. Sustainability is use of renewable and non-renewable resources for economic reasons in a way that does not hinder future generations from utilizing the same resources in future. The triple bottom line suggests that impact on environment due to resource use should be bearable to the society, the economic gains should be equitably distributed to

Buisness Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buisness Economics - Essay Example It is argued that cost has played a major role in the emergence of the outsourcing business world over. Companies in the western world have been outsourcing jobs from their land to low cost areas such as India, China and Philippines. In the early part of 1990's companies in India recognized importance of cost factor and introduced a good strategy to increase their business. There are instances that a particular company is giving shape to an industry. Though during mid twentieth century there was a number of United Kingdom based business groups, who have outsourced high cost works to India, it was in the late part of the century that this has emerged as a major service industry. The emergence of service industry has also helped India to become global powerhouse of knowledge based industrial activity. Infosys Technologies is a major Indian company working in the field of information technology. They are considered as pioneers of business process outsourcing in the country. Understanding big opportunity in the sector they had laid out clean strategy to win over others. Today Infosys has emerged as one of the most respect IT companies in India. Their share prices are soared tremendously during the last two decades.

Contemporary Issues in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Issues in World Politics - Essay Example Everything started in 1988. That year the topic of climate change was more than ever before covered in media, having caused increased public attention to the issue. In the US it was caused by James E. Hansen’s senate speech regarding a threat of global warming. (McCright and Dunlap, 2000: 500) The same year Hansen’s concern was supported by Margaret Thatcher, a Prime Minister of Great Britain at that time, who outlined the possible risks of climate change (Carvalho, 2007: 223-243). The concept of climate change itself, however, wasn’t new to the world at that time. Climate of the planet has always been changing periodically, making people adjust to colder or hotter environment all the time. Probably everyone has heard about so called ‘ice ages’, when great parts of the planet were covered with ice. At the same time, such cold periods were changed by hot ones, like the Medieval Warm Period (A.D. 1000), when most parts of the planet were experiencing hot and dry weather (National Research Council, 2006: 2). During the last 2000 years the most significant climate changes were the mentioned above Medieval Climate Anomaly, the Little Ice Age of 1500-1850, and the warm period of the industrial era, which is lasting during the last 100 years (ibid). These climate changes were caused by various factors, including changes in the planet’s orbit, changes in solar activity, and eruptions of volcanoes. (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009) The current warming of climate, however, is believed to be much intensified by the influence of human activity that has lead to increased levels of greenhouse gasses emissions. Greenhouse gasses, in their turn, are believed to be the cause of raise in average temperatures on the Earth. David Adam of Guardian outlines that emissions of carbon dioxide produced by human activity are the major cause of the above natural level of greenhouse effect. While before the industrial

Prevention of Financial Frauds Research Proposal

Prevention of Financial Frauds - Research Proposal Example Various strategic practice models for financial fraud prevention have been proposed in the recent years and some of them are discussed in this proposal. 1. Introduction: Financial frauds are widely perceived to be various deliberately made criminal acts seriously violating the civil law while based on financial transactions and meant to attain myriad personal benefits. For the past many years, research reports have been illuminating that the need to combat financial frauds has become increasingly important and inevitable concerning its widespread proliferation and the immense threat it poses to the older citizens especially, though this criminal issue largely involves people of all ages as well. From frauds planned on a large-scale and committed to weaken the roots of the national economy to small-scale financial frauds like fake lotteries and work at home plots, this criminal issue has largely succeeded in building many holes in the net of financial security which was once strong an d meant to preserve the public protective. 2. Research review: A layered security approach and effective tools are required to handle this dramatic emergency of felonious financial frauds and by controlling who first receives sensitive documents like bank statements, small organizations can prevent financial fraud occurrence (CBIA News, 2007). Expert policy-makers and researchers at (Research Centre on the Prevention of Financial Fraud, 2009) proposed a three-fold strategy to prevent the financial fraud proliferation around the globe. Consolidating information in an attempt to compile the fraud research for providing a disciplinary support to the policy-makers can help in preventing huge losses based on billions of dollars and occurring every year as a result of financial frauds. Secondly, effective anti-fraud messaging delivered via electronic medium can help in connecting research to policy. Funding is also important to protect the fraud victims and finance research for financial fraud prevention. People in many cases remain unaware that they have become the victims of financial frauds because such frauds are often operated on the legal fringes by skillful scammers or business professionals (Button, Lewis, & Tapley, 2009). According to the research report published by (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2010), most of the financial frauds mimic legitimate courses so that the victims remain satisfied and do not think about pointing out at the fraudsters who are white-collar criminals. â€Å"An unscrupulous investment broker may present clients with an opportunity to purchase shares in precious metal repositories, for example. His status as a professional investor gives him credibility.† (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2010). Tracking such quack business professionals who have a tendency to rob the innocent citizens by presenting fake investment opportunities to them with the help of ontology technology can also help in preventing and detecting financial frauds. â€Å"A fra ud forensic ontology is being developed from laws, regulations, and cases about illegal solicitation of financial products on the web.†Ã‚  

Wiki level English proof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wiki level English proof - Essay Example gic" So far, the Daogame has successfully held three investment fair, about 20 of 60 pocketgame development teams received support from Daogame investment & trading conference and got over 48 million financial support from investor. The closed matrix mode is used in time cost management and CP quality management by Daogame investment & trading conference as a leader in pocket game industry. Moreover, Daogame investment & trading conference aim at high quality service pocket game developer and investor. 1. Oydcapital aim at TMT investment project that include pocket game, mobile Internet, e-commerce. They explore value of potential and creative idea. All members of fund management team were graduated from Tsinghua and Peking University. They have a great experience overses in the relative industry. With its operational experience and accumulated in the Sino-US trade both rich industry resources and connections to make up for insufficient investment in the company, as they seek opportunities for cooperation, customer follow-up financing and mergers and acquisitions or listing opportunities. Currently, Oydcapital have invested in 20 of 50 pocket game company. Such as EGLS (3billion sold to Dragon pipe manufacture co.Ltd), Lexun, Meituan.com. 2. Newmargin Ltd. is one of the largest investment company in China was established at 21 of July 1991. In the Chinese market Newmargin produce investment mode by many years’ development and exploration. Newmargin has over 400 clients, most of them coming from IT industry. such as Sina(one of largest web portal in China), UC, Xiaomi, Vancl, Kugou(popular online music platform in China), Thunder etc. Around 50-60 organizations were listed in market by Newmargin support. 3. China Renaissance K2 Ventures is one of the angle investor in technic area. Their clients include jumei.com, Centaur.cn, zhaogang.com, meilele.com, mojichina, Meet you, lmbang, breadtrip, Airline

Budgeting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budgeting - Coursework Example This is because from fifth month Nod will have sufficient cash not only to meet regular cash payments but also Nod will have sufficient cash to return the overdraft. The consideration is also required for capital expenditure that Nod is planning to incur in the beginning of 2nd year. The cost of car is $15000. Nod will generate $3000 on selling an old car and the rest ?12000 will be easily generated out of operation in next six months. This is because cash by the end of September 2011 after paying overdraft of say $800 will be $13150. Each month enough extra cash will be generated to meet $15000 cost easily. Accordingly Nod is advised to negotiate only for an overdraft of $800 in April for a period of four months. Word count: 221 d) Budgeting and business goals Budgeting has become an essential function of any business activity so much in the sense that it becomes easy to attain the purposes for which the business activity is planned for. In fact management plans to achieve several g oals when budgeting is under taken for a business activity. Under normal circumstances budgets are used for the purposes of attaining control and evaluation, communication with different concerned parties, planning, and motivation of the factors involved in the business process. â€Å"Goal setting is a characteristic of successful business and a budget is a critical part of the process. It is a financial forecast of your operating and capital activities.†(Carol Patterson)i Operating budgets are used for planning the operations to achieve strategic objectives. Operating budget draws the attention of the management toward revenue projections and regular and routine expenditure to raise that projected revenue. The management can set up goals of earning specific revenue in order to meet the required payments for the generation of that revenue and improve the entity’s liquidity to meet unforeseen expenditure and payments. In fact operating budget force the management to pla n for increasing profitability as there is direct relation between economising of the business expenditure and profitability. The main goal of planning and control is always achieved through efficient budgeting. â€Å"The budgeting system is designed to plan and control a business. However, it is common for the budget to be ‘gamed’ by its participants. For example managers may pad their budgets with excess resources. In this way, managers will have additional resources for unexpected events during the period. If the budget is being used to establish the incentive plan, then sales managers have incentives to understate the sales potential of a territory to ensure hitting their quota.†(Carl S Warren, James M. Reeve, and Jonathan Duchac)ii That way revenue or operating budget can be made objectives to be achieved by the operational staff. Incentives when linked with budgets automatically create sort of enthusiasm among the operating staff to achieve budgetary target s or goals. It is believed that businesses should always create and apply budgets in order to keep a check or track of their income and expenses. This is more applicable for small business and operations. Budgeting helps the businesses to project their profitability to be achieved over a period covered by the budget. Budgeting can spot problems and plan in advance the means to rectify those problems and issues. In a way financial

Automobile Industry Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry Essay †¢Key drivers of the automobile sector are economic conditions, governments and regulations, consumer demands and interests, globalization and technological innovations †¢Generally, if the economic conditions are constant and good, people will seems willing to buy vehicles more than ever in all around world. In contrast, if economic conditions are bad, sales graphs will reverse and companies start to lose money. Firms should decide right production numbers in every condition and this capacity exactly depends on economic circumstances. †¢People are more conscious about what they except from a car and firms must satisfy these needs to survive in this sector. Even luxury automotive brands start to produce low fuel consumptions engines, otherwise they will collapse rapidly. †¢As usual, globalization is one of the crucial key drivers of automobile industry like every sector. After the globalization, brands start to do partnerships with each other to enter the different markets and they develop new technological innovations more cheap and useful all around the world. †¢In addition to these factors, governments’ regulations are one of the major determinants of global auto industry. The country’s’ legislation about emissions, environment and recycling are the key factors of brands investments. In European Union, the mutual regulations order that emission rate is lower than other regions and as a result of that firms should produce accordingly to these legislations. The Automobile Market †¢The automobile industry has become important after the globalization because people want to travel with more comfortably, safely and rapidly with their cars. Concordantly, while automobile sector is developing in every part of it, the global transportation sector benefit from positively. For instance; Rolls-Royce is producing both plane and car motors and Volvo is producing car and sea boats engines too. So, firms help to enlarge and develop in every transportation tools, not only cars. †¢The automobile industry consists of fuel, tire, and insurance firms. Also, mostly the luxurious brands are working with ranking fashion companies such as; Gucci(Fiat) and Hermes(Bugatti) and sound system companies like as; Bang Olufsen (Audi, Mercedes, BMW, Aston Martin) and Naim (Bentley). †¢On the other hand, after the globalization, automobile brands start to work together in some regions all around the world. They invest more money on RD departments and sharing their knowledge to improve all transportation vehicles. †¢Germany, United States, Japan and Korean producers are the bestsellers all around the world. These countries mostly take control all over the world. Such as: Volkswagen is one of the biggest companies in automobile sector and it has got several brands such as; Audi, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti and Seat. Company produces car for every segment. †¢In addition, especially for the last decade, market start to tend to produce more clean motors which do not harm to the environment. Also, they try to produce completely using electricity engines for all vehicles and using solar panels. As a result of that, the concept of climate change cause occurs a new market in automobile sector. Key Country Markets †¢In this chapter of report, I will mention about Japan, United States, Germany and Korean automotive producers because Toyota and Honda from Japan are the best and most well-known brands, Volkswagen from Germany is the head of locomotive in this industry for all parts of it, GM and Ford are the biggest companies from United states and Hyundai, which is becoming more powerful in everyday from Korea. †¢Volkswagen is the second best seller in 2012 after the GM and they are in front of Toyota. Generally, German cars are best vehicles that showed by automobile specialists from all over the word in every segment. Volkswagen, (if we look at the Exhibit 1) has got several different brands like; Lamborghini, Bentley, Audi, Bugatti, Skoda and Seat. They have product range from low-consumption cars to the luxury vehicles, as a result of that they are producing well- quality vehicles. †¢Toyota and Honda are the most favorable brands from Japan against to American and German manufacturers. Toyota Corolla is the world’s best seller mass production model and Toyota has got successful models as like Corolla too. In addition, Honda is one of the biggest and accomplished gasoline engine producers. Also, these two Japan brands are investing their money on hybrid and electric motor more than ever other brands. †¢GM is best seller brand in 2011, they sold approximately ten million cars and they have got various vehicle models. GM has got various brands such as; Chevrolet, Opel, Vauxhall, GMC, Buick and Cadillac. Also Ford is the one of the biggest key driver of the market. †¢Hyundai is one of the most developing auto brands for last decade. They start to produce well engines, comfortable and good looking cars. On the other hand, Hyundai is one of the biggest partnerships of Kia (%49. 2) which is the second biggest brand from Korea. †¢As we can see clearly, these 6 brands from 4 country of the world are the leaders of this sector. Also, they own various brands in their group and they are using this superiority against to the other brands. Sector Trends †¢Brands should produce low-consumption engines and obey emission and governments’ regulations to survive. †¢Nearly all automotive producers are using same technology on their vehicles; they need to work on these researches together to be more beneficial for humanity. For instance; Mercedes-Benz and BMW are sharing RD departments studies with each other and both of them working together to develop new technologies. †¢People are expecting more useful cars from producers like, they want both athletic and reliable vehicles, as a result of that firms has got new opportunities to create new model segments based on these requirements. †¢Transportation vehicles are developing in every day and automobiles is one of the crucial parts of this situation. Firms are increasing their sales number in every year and they need to satisfy their customers’ requirements in a perfect way. †¢Climate change is one of the determinants of this sector, so firms should pay attention to this issue seriously, they need to obey governments’ regulations and produce new technologies which will be not harmful for nature. †¢Hybrid and electric engines will be the most popular trends in this sector next decades; people would prefer clean engines and low-priced energy, so sector must be improved itself rapidly. Key Success Factor. †¢In this sector there are several success factor which is decided by people and worlds’ requirements; †¢Firms must produce more secure cars because, if we compare transportation systems, motorway is the most dangerous one and, the number of accidents’ proofs it. Brands should work together on security services. For instance; Volvo which is one of the securest brand on the world, claims that after 2020, any people will die in a traffic accident that drive a Volvo. †¢Engines success based on the fuel-efficiency, not harmful for the environment and being long-life. These conditions should be priority for brands RD departments. †¢Practicality needs to be developing parallel with previous items. People do not want to send various tools in the future; they will only buy contently vehicles. The Future Outlook and Expectations of Automobile Sector †¢People will need cars in the future more than now, producers’ need to satisfy this demand with new technology engines, they should create alternative energy resources which will be not harmful for the environment and firms need to develop safety features to prevent traffic accidents. †¢In the future people need transportation systems because of the longer distances, in every transportation way need to develop it. †¢Brands need to improve driverless vehicles because market will tend in that way. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The Automotive Industry Overview The automotive industry is one of the crucial sectors for humanity and it has been developing from industrial revolution to now. After the first engine was discovered in 1885 by Karl Benz, engineers found various inventions to make easier of people life. Industry had developed too much nowadays, engineers work on different technological tools and they need to show pay attention many different regulations in today’s world. At the beginning, the most important part was the engine but now automotive industry involves a wide range of business lines such as; manufacture, design, development, marketing and selling motor vehicles, motorcycles. Last year, there were approximately one billion cars which are registered on the world and this number is increasing sharply year by year. Parallel with that, consumes gasoline and diesel fuel multiply with every new car addict to the traffic. On the other hand, this sector employees thousands of people and creates new opportunities to undeveloped countries. In addition to these information’s about automobile sector, we should absolutely mention about the economy of which it creates and process. Currently, mostly the all automotive brands are owned by developed countries and they made their substructure investments all around the world, especially undeveloped countries. After the globalization, firms decide to set-up their factories at low skilled labor force countries. However, this decision affects both sides positively, producer’s limits cost and undeveloped countries’ economies start to develop. According to the OICA (The International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers that, â€Å"If vehicle manufacturing was a country it would be sixth largest economy in the world. † in 2007. This shows that the contribution of automobile industry to the undeveloped countries’ economies. Also, the industries turnover 2 trillion dollars and if we comparing of this turnover of GDP with other economies in the world, proof that it can compete economic power of Italy, France or the UK. India is one of the greatest examples of the success at their economic improvement. Tata Motors, which Indian automobile brand owned Jaguar and Land Rover last year and they developed it perfectly in 2 years. After these 2 years, Jaguar and Land Rover increased their profitability nearly in half and when we think about these two brands are luxury brands, these numbers are spectacular. On the other hand, firms expanding nearly 85 billion dollars on Research Development departments. These budgets shaped by customer’s demand, so this sector is one of the innovative ones and it still produce new technologies. However, automobile sector has got unfavorable situations like; economic crises. If we make a research about when firms sales numbers decreased or companies made loss we will realize that on that era, world or the some regions is in economic crises. For instance; last biggest economic crises in 2008, when we look at the production number, it will decrease nearly %12. 7 compare to the previous year. These numbers are same with the other economic crises and automobile sector affect from them firstly. Key Country Markets United States. Todays’ world America is the one of the world’s biggest automotive producer with two brand; GM and Ford. GM has got various sub-brands in itself from different segments. These two brands sell their cars all over the world and both of them are most knowable automobile producers. However, in 2008, worlds’ biggest economic crises occurred GM was nearly bankrupt in an unbelievable way. This means, world would lost one of the old and essential brands, thousands of people would lost their job and American economy got hurt again after the Lehman Brothers. Hopefully; government decided to help GM and they saved the firm quickly. Japan Toyota is the most valuable automobile producer in the world; its net value is 131 billion dollars. Also one of the models, Corolla is the best seller model one the world and it has been sold nearly forty million from 1966 to 2012. In addition to the Toyota, Honda is another successful Japan auto brand too. They have got accomplished sales numbers and firm is producing one of the best gasoline engines. According to the consumers, Toyota could be the best competitor against to the German auto makers. Firm is producing in same quality with Germans but they are selling them cheaper than German brands. This is Toyotas’ major successful strategy also, company uses Japans’ engineering and technology which is the worlds’ best ones. They produced worlds’ first hybrid car and investing a huge part of their money on electric, clean and cheap motors. Germany The locomotive of the industry is Volkswagen right now and it will not change for two or three decades. Only the Volkswagens’ value is 76. 3 billion dollars and company has got several brands like; Audi (28. 5 billion$), Porsche (15.3billion$), Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Seat and Skoda. This German brand is producing most usable models with low-consumption engines, low prices and the safety of German engineering. Volkswagen is shaping the trends of the industry and other brands are following it right now. Firm has got different models from every consumer group and they make it an opportunity to be successful in the future. Korean Asia’s’ economy is the world’s fastest growing economy in nowadays. They are growing better than Europe and United States, as a result of those brands of this region are developing too. Hyundai is only the one of them; they are creating new models, developing current models and enter new markets. The firm move considerably forward when we compare a decade ago, their substructure and technological systems improver very well, also; they are producing more reliable and comfortable vehicles. This Korean brand will be one of the serious auto brands in the future if they are going in that way. Economic Impact of Automobile Sector The automotive industry has a big impact on every economy, it consist nearly every economy in the world. Every country in the world has got a part from this sector and thousands of people work in this industry. It is really crucial for transportation sector because, firms are using or developing same motors on different transportation vehicles. On the other hand, auto sector has got great impact on countries economy. If a country has got a factory or some service area about this sector, it will include a huge part of country’s’ economy. For instance; America worked really hard to save GM from the 2008 economic crises, they spend too much money because, if GM bankrupted, America’s economy will affect in deeply (if we look at Exhibit 3). Also, Ford decide to sale Aston Martin and Volvo at this era, these two brand had not good sales number and they will be harmful for the company if they do not sale them. Automobile brands have a great impact on country’s economy just like banks, executives should be careful about this issue seriously because it can be affect from economic crises easily so, they need to take a decision in long-term. Market Segmentation The automobile industry has a got long operation process; it has various segments in it. Firstly, R D department research what people need or what they want from a vehicle. After that, this part start to make prototypes or create stereotypes which engineers and designers can build on these examples. Designers work on cars aerodynamic, shape and how it looks. In addition, engineers work on substructure parts of the car such as; lights, engine, transmission and safety systems. While they are producing this prototype, they do various tests on car and finally they can send it to the dealers. Dealers, order number of cars and they prepare launches to introduce cars to the customers. After the sale of car, the service department starts to interest with car. They call them to the services periodically and customers can visit them anytime they have a problem with their car. Consequently, this industry has got major segment such as; R D department, designing and crating new technologies, before sale and bring together with market and customers. Finally, service department take care about our cars problem. Five Force Analyses Threats of New Entrants The automobile sector is could be most risky market on the world because you need to much money to invest on it, heritage is really important for customers and this sector is the first sector that affected from economic crises. Otherwise, without any new technology or price policy you will not survive much long and if someone decides to build up an automobile company, he/she will definitely work with local government. On the other hand, if someone wants to get this sector, he/she has got a change with new technological features. For instance; Fisker and Tesla are the new entrants at this sector and they invest their money on clean, hybrid and electrical engines. They also try to design good-looking car with solar panels and other recyclable energies. Bargaining Power of Suppliers In this case bargaining power of suppliers is not really strong. It is not powerful as healthcare sector or another sector because if people do not want to buy a private car, they can choose other transportation ways or the can choose nothing. However, in healthcare sector people absolutely need doctors, hospitals or medicine to survive but it is not same for this sector. In addition, globalization affect make peoples’ life easier and humans are used to it and buying a private car became a priority after purchasing a house. Generally, if a person owns a house, he/she will buy a car with how much money he/she got. This is the strongest part of the sector; unfortunately it has got negatives parts too. Bargaining Power of Buyers These sectors’ trends and demand is shaped by customer’s preferences, so the bargaining power of buyers is really strong. If humans do not like a model, they will not buy it and producers stop to produce it but if they like it producer need to produce it as much as it can to be successful. Right now, the demand on this sector is low-consumption engines and be not harmful to the environment so producers start to produce models and engines in this way, otherwise they cannot be able to sell a car. Availability of Substitutes In automobile industry, the availability of substitutes is not actually but there is only one way to change it is create new substructure concepts in the sector. For instance; Tesla and Fisker do that in a perfect way, they only focus on hybrid and electric engines and people recognize them with these concepts at everywhere. You cannot change industry but you can be able to change its direction. Intensity of Existing Rivalry There are many brands on the market, even in one country own more than one automobile brand, as a result of that the intensity of existing rivalry is really high. As I mentioned before that, there are five leader brands in the market but other big or small brands are successful as like them too. The most important think is the design of the automobile but now it has got no meaning because firms are usually work with same designers and models are not changing too much even in different brands. However, the most competitive concept is price policy according to the government’s tax payments systems. Key Success Factors for Automobile Sector There are different types of key success factor for automobile sector are based on the region, substructure features, purchase power. Producers need to show pay attention to these factors because it will determinate their sales numbers and profitability. The most important factor knows the region very well. I mean dealers and head quarter of the brand should be aware of the consumers’ requirements. Also they need to sale cars which are not be against to the governments’ legislations. For instance; European Union has got sharp and certain laws about carbon dioxide emission, so dealers need to focus on engines which are consuming few. However, United States not sign Kyoto Protocol, so they do not have any legislation for emissions right now, dealers can focus on high mass engines. In addition to the region, substructure features are crucial for auto makers because people always want to buy a car which has got advanced features even they will never use them. However, conscious consumer will demand low-consumption engines and brands need to produce engines according to that demand. In other words, firms need to decide their target audience perfectly and producing substructure features with these conditions. Lastly, the third factor is purchase power. In my opinion, this factor is the most crucial determinant in this sector because every brand starts to produce in same quality vehicles. However they need to know country’s economies and sale their models in that way (if we look at Exhibit 4). For instance; America one of the highest purchase power countries in the world and they really like to own cool, luxurious and spectacular cars, they can buy two three or even more than these number cars. In contrast, European nations have got the same purchase power but they want to buy one or two cars and they are looking to being useful, low consumption and quality vehicles. The Future of Automobile Sector In the future, transportation systems will be developing in all around the world because people want to move from A to B faster, comfortably, safely and cheaply. Producers need to know these requirements and produce car with these features. Firstly, brands need to focus on low-consumption cars, I mean hybrid and electric engines because they are cheaper than current technology and governments provide laws for this situation. Secondly, they need to produce safety cars than now because people will demand on secure system in the future. On the other hand, they need to produce usable cars such as Audis’ All Road, they have been developed for all road conditions and you can use them only in one car. Consequently, people will never forget or reject driving a car but producers need to answer climate, people and governments requirements. If someone produce a car with low price and costs with cover a long distance in a comfortably they will become the most successful brand in the world.

Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Example for Free

Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Vygotsky is an important theorist in the twentieth century in education. He has come up with the theory discussing the zone of proximal development and its application to the education of person with special needs. This theory has been put into practice in coming up with strategies for persons with intellectual challenges. But this however does not come up with full support as some of the propositions in his theories have been criticized. In his theories he considers the zone of proximal development to possess upper and lower limits where children are categorized in the limits. The first misconception that can be deduced from his theory is that assessment of a child’s zones provides a biased incomplete picture (Robert, 28). Hence an accurate picture of the child’s learning style, development level, and learning ability cannot be obtained through comparison to children of similar ages or degrees of motivation. Thus the zone’s width depending on its causes could be undesirable or desirable. Measurement is another hindrance observed in the theory. This is because, there exists no metric scale to configure a child’s individual zone. This is because Vygotsky at times measured the zone in terms of chronological age in relation to mental age. This has drawback in that comparison cannot be done by the number of years. For instance a 9 year old behaving like a 12 year old has a 3 year age difference. This cannot be applied in a case of children with ages 5 and 8 as the difference is similarly 3 years (Kozulin, 40). The zone meets another obstacle since little is known on the stability and generality of an individual’s zone. The domain of one child’s zone is not equal across different children (Daniels, Harry, and Mariane, 80). This is due to the fact that behavior differences do occur in children of similar ages. Thus a zone is not stable and neither can it be generalized. The theory pays little attention to issues of development across different ages. It gives little idea how a child’s level of cognition would constrain or permit processes in the zone. It also ignores the effect different settings have on children and ignores cognitive skills needed to respond to varying stimuli. The theory overlooks the fact that varying developmental levels lead to varying responses to a setting (Kozulin, 67). Finally Vygotsky’s theory lacks tasks  prototypical to be associated with the theory as he relies on general summaries. Considering the aforementioned weaknesses, many theorists and educationist borrow little from his theory in its application to special education. This is coupled with the fact that persons with special needs occur in a large diversity. Hence the theory would call for individualization of strategies adopted for special needs learners. Works cited Daniels, Harry, and Mariane Hedegaard. Vygotsky and special needs education: rethinking support for children and schools. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2011. Print. Kozulin, Alex. Vygotskys educational theory in cultural context. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print. Robert, Michelle Suzanne. Vygotsky theories meaningful relationships. Burnaby B.C.: Simon Fraser University, 2005. Print.

Relationship Between China and Costa Rica

Relationship Between China and Costa Rica Foreign policy in Costa Rica: The international community was shocked in 2007 when Costa Rica, recognized as the Switzerland of Central America for its promotion of democracy and pacifism,[1] decided to establish relations a country of opposite values such as human rights suppression and communism, China. In responses, Taiwan cut its ties with Costa Rica. With its unarmed identity, Costa Rica has always looking to broaden international alliances. This time, however, there were many critics both domestically and internationally. President Arias (2006-2010) responded to the public critics, questing if democracies like the United States found no contradiction in establishing relations with China, then why should Costa Rica?[2] After all, Costa Rica’s move towards engaging China was not unpredictable. Only three months into his first term (1986-1990) in presidency, Arias made a bold decision to move the Costa Rican embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv. According to Arias, the embassy’s location in Jerusalem kept Costa Rica isolated from the Arab world, and it was time to correct a historical mistake. Plus, he believed that having the Costa Rican embassy in Jerusalem limited Costa Rica’s relations with the Arab world.[3] The switch of diplomatic relations with Taiwan On June 6, 2007, [4]president Arias has announced the decision of the government to switch its relations from Taiwan to China after 67 years of stable foreign relations. In the 2007 agreement, China is going to give Costa Rica an additional $130 million in direct economic aid, as well as a two-stage bond purchase. [5] In this agreement, Costa Rica not only has the recognition of China, but also the support from China to knock on the door of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Security Council of the United Nations. Arias, the former Nobel Prize winner,[6] claimed that the decision was neither for the short-term economic benefits nor the changes of ideology, but rather a rational foreign policy decision of realism. President Arias also stated that the recognition of new relations with china coincided with the principle and purpose in the UN Charter.[7] Costa Rica has been able to earn a good reputation and image that has allowed it to use its advantages in the international community by providing effective suggestions ranging from its contribution to disarmament to its role as an environmental sanctuary. Since taking office, President Arias has led the country to taking a more active role in the international arena. As a country without an army, Costa Rica has a higher value of security of the international level. The Costa Rican government believes that ties with China will not only boost the economic development domestically, but more specifically provide a powerful force to eliminate underdevelopment in some rural areas. On an international scale, Costa Rican government has envisioned the deeper integration in the world economywith the mutual communication with Beijing. For example, President Arias wants to get the Chinese support for Costa Rica’s bid for a seat on the UN Security Council.[8] By 2009, China stood second in terms of trade volume with the Costa Rica, and it stood rank 30 in 2000. (see Table 1.) While Costa Rica now admittedly views China as more beneficial than Taiwan, Costa Rica’s bilateral trade with the East Asian giant began a decade before establishment of formal relations. The exports from Costa Rica to China heavily dominated by computer parts, electronic chips, which allowed the country to achieve a small trade surplus in its relationship with the emerging super power in Asia. This was the only the beginning of the China’s economic benefits for Costa Rica, and the profits stood in stark contrast to what Taiwan could provide. China is recognized as a potential global power, and will be the second super power in the United Nations.That is why Costa Rica also values the embassy in Beijing after the one in Washington. With regards to Taiwan, the country is now concerned that the Costa Rican move will cause a chain reaction in the future of its region. Table 1. Costa Rican Relations with Taiwan Arias had said, â€Å"I was always critical of the Taiwanese, and I can say now that I always told them: If you want to have friends in the world, you should be more generous.†[9] In the late 1960s, Taiwan had relations with almost 70 countries. But China joined the United Nations after Taiwan was expelled from it,[10]and the country lost many allies. As of 2014, Central America and the Caribbean region host 12 of the 22 countries globally which retain ties with Taiwan.[11]Therefore, the loss of a Central American partner was a particularly painful blow for Taiwans foreign relations development, and led to the immediate resignation of the Foreign Minister, James Huang. The Taiwanese government has routinely contributeddevelopment aid routinely to create the strong association withCosta Rica over 67 years.[12]Nevertheless, the Costa Rican government began publicly cooling its relations with Taiwan in May of 2007 when the country abstained on Taiwan’s accession in the World Health Organization (WHO). The Costa Rican government’s attempt at rethinking its relations with Taiwan began to receive criticism from the media as a betrayal of democratic pri nciples. One of the reasons for the longevity of Costa Rica and Taiwan’s relationship was the development assistance the small Asian country provided. The country received $341 million in assistance from Taiwan from2000 to 2005,[13]which wasenough to make it Costa Rica’s second largest source of bilateral cooperation. The majority of resources from Taiwan came in the type of loans, and was allocated intopublic infrastructure. For example, it was Taiwan’s assistance that rebuilt an entire wing of public hospitals in San Josà ©, which was destroyed in an arson fire in 2004.[14]In addition, Taiwan built a long bridge in order to assist the transportation development from rural to urban areas. However, even with Taiwan’s prosperous economy, it still cannot compete with the huge investments of China. This explains President Arias’s claims about Taiwan losing the game of â€Å"dollar diplomacy†; Taiwan’s funds could not compete with those of China. Chinese-Costa Rican relations On March 2011, there was a celebration of the new state stadium in San Josà ©. It was constructed on the previous smaller stadium; the new 35,000-person stadium represents the result of national development. The shape of its roof resembles the appearance of coffee bean, the commodity of which Costa Rica is proudest, demonstrated in modern iconic style. In order to reminisce the â€Å"Bird’s nest† Olympic stadium in Beijing, the nick name of the stadium is â€Å"Nido Tico† or â€Å"Costa Rican’s nest.†[15]The stadium was a symbol of recognition of new relations with China in 2007. In addition, the $100 million stadium, China bought $300 million in Costa Rica bonds, assisted renewal of a Caribbean-bound highway, and facilitated the construction of a major oil refinery. Furthermore, Costa Rica ratified a new free trade agreement with China allowing over 90% of its goods tariff-free entry into the Chinese market in 2011. Chinese diplomats were very eager to proceed with the negotiation. This was a long awaited opportunity for China, as it turns Costa Rica into a regional case that shows other Central American countries in similar positions the benefits they can get from forming relations with China. The evidence showed that the bilateral trade with China, which has provided more broad economic chance with Costa Rica, has been in effect since 2000. In 2008, they began the China-Costa Rica free trade negotiations during the visit of Chinese President Hu Jintao Costa Rica.[16]The China-Costa Rica FTA features a high degree of the open market. Over 90 percent of goods trade between China and Costa Rica will enjoy zero tariff on a stage-by-stage basis.[17]From that point, China was considered as an important trade partner. The trade links, however, had grown rapidly in the past years even without the official diplomatic relations. The cooperation and exchange of agricultural technology is promising for China is agricultural development within its huge territory. For Costa Rica, it has the advantage of biodiversity and flourishing plants bred through the weather. Therefore, the research institutions of Costa Rica and China have an agreementto promote cooperation in agricultural science in 2013.[18] Under the mutual agreement, both sides will facilitate the exchange programs forresearchers, increase the scholarships for agriculture students, and enhancefrequency of information exchange on agricultural science and technology. Also, the institutions in both countries will also cooperate to work on research on animals, plant genetics,environmental preservation,pest and disease control,agricultural economy and rural development. This is an ideal opportunity for Costa Rica to maximize agricultural and environmental advantages through the financial support from China. Costa Rican has also learned a lesson from China after the stadium has finished. Local media reports admired the incredible high-tech stadium, which was finished 3 months ahead before the schedule. The efficiency and industriousness of the Chinese workers has surprised the Costa Ricans. Due to the different geographical areas, Costa Rican was not familiar with Chinese culture. By this chance, they saw how China rises to power with its proactive and diligent attitude, but also they felt how the authoritarianism of China affects the policy. For example: there were only Chinese laborers could enter the construction areas. Conclusion Costa Rica has been benefited by both Taiwan and China. Taiwan has offered considerable resources for the development of Costa Rica, and helped them to step on their foothold on the ladder of development for over the past six decades. As one of the few nation states lacking an army, it has carefully protected itself by relying on the support from international community, and also they take advantage of the soft power with its dynamic diplomatic relations. There are also the new perspective of China which were transmitted by the positive work ethic and efficiency of Chinese laborers who constructed the new stadium. It offered a distinctive picture to modify the previous negative perceptions of China in Costa Rica. In the future, there will be probably more potential international market development besides coffee and electronics (see Table 2.) for Costa Rica though it is not clear those sectors in Costa Rica might have better chance favored by the huge Chinese market, but it hopes to attack foreign direct investment in the region. Table 2. Bibliography Associated press, â€Å"Costa Rica breaks Relations with Taiwan.† NBC NEWS.  http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19080068/ns/world_news-americas/t/costa-rica-breaks-relations-taiwan/#.U0rXVFtSZHY (accessed April 13, 2014). Batson, Andrew. â€Å"China Used Reserves To Sway Costa Rica.† The Wall Street Journal.  http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122121919505927749 (accessed April 14, 2014). China FTA Network.  Ã‚  http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/encosta/encostanews/201108/7440_1.html (accessed April 14, 2014). â€Å"Costa Rican and Chinese Research Institutions Enhance Cooperation.† China Chemical  Reporter 24, no. 3/4 (February 7, 2013): 19. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). France-Presse, Agence. â€Å"Costa Rica: Trade Agreement With China Advances.† New York  Times, June 16, 2009. 5, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). DeHart, Monica. â€Å"Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and  South–South cooperation in Latin America.† Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012): 1359-1375. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Feigenblatt von, Otto F. â€Å"Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy  Analysis.† Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009): 400-434. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan).  http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). Nordlinger, Jay. â€Å"Taiwans Two Dozen.† National Review 59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007):  26-27. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Stahl, Julie. â€Å"Costa Rica Moving Embassy From Jerusalem to Tel Aviv.† CNS News.  http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ouch-costa-rica-moving-embassy-jerusalem-tel-aviv (accessed April 14,2014). Trinicenter.com Reporters .† Costa Rica Re-establish Relations with China.†Ã‚  http://www.trinicenter.com/articles/2007/070607.html (accessed April 14. 2014). Winkler, Sigrid. â€Å"Taiwans UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be Brookings.†Ã‚  http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler (accessed April 13,2014). [1] Associated press, Costa Rica breaks Relations with Taiwan NBC NEWS, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19080068/ns/world_news-americas/t/costa-rica-breaks-relations-taiwan/#.U0rXVFtSZHY (accessed April 13, 2014). [2] NORDLINGER, JAY, Taiwans Two Dozen, National Review 59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007): 26-27. [3] Stahl, J Costa Rica Moving Embassy From Jerusalem to Tel Aviv CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ouch-costa-rica-moving-embassy-jerusalem-tel-aviv (accessed April 14,2014). [4] Trinicenter.com Reporters Costa Rica Re-establish Relations with China,† http://www.trinicenter.com/articles/2007/070607.html (accessed April 14. 2014). [5] Andre W Batson, China Used Reserves To Sway Costa Rica, The Wall Street Jurnal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122121919505927749 (accessed April 14, 2014). [6] Otto F von Feigenblatt, Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy Analysis, Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009):407-409. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [7] Otto F von Feigenblatt, Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy Analysis, Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009):403-405. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [8] [9] NORDLINGER, JAY, Taiwans Two Dozen.National Review59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007): 26-27,Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 15, 2014). [10] Sigrid Winkler, Taiwans UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be? Brookings,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler (accessed April 13,2014). [11] Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan), http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). [12] Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan). http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). [13] [14] Monica DeHart, Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and South–South cooperation in Latin America, Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012):1361-1363. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [15] DeHart, Monica. Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and South–South cooperation in Latin America. Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012):1368-1370. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [16] China FTA Network, http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/encosta/encostanews/201108/7440_1.html (accessed April 14, 2014). [17] France-Presse, Agence. Costa Rica: Trade Agreement With China Advances.New York Times, June 16, 2009., 5,Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 15, 2014). [18] Costa Rican and Chinese Research Institutions Enhance Cooperation, China Chemical Reporter 24, no. 3/4 (February 7, 2013): 19. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014).

Loss of Innocence in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Free Essay Writer

Loss of Innocence in To Kill a Mockingbird  Ã‚   "Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. In rainy weather the streets turned to red slop; grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged in the square."(Lee 9). This environment, as Scout Finch accurately describes, is not conducive to young children, loud noises, and games. But, the Finch children and Dill must occupy themselves in order to avoid boredom. Their surroundings are their boundaries, but in their minds, they have no physical confines. Although the physical "boundaries were Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose's house two doors to the north..., and the Radley Place three doors to the south,"(Lee 11) Jem, Scout, and Dill find ways to use the limits, in conjunction with their imaginations, to amuse themselves. The children are the ones who change the old town and make it full of unexpected events. In the same way as the children, the adults of the novel play games that come from their imaginations and, they themselves are the ones who provide t he fear for everyone in the county to fear. "Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself"(10). The adults and the children share the fact that they both play games, but a difference also exists between them. The children enact their entertainment, knowing that the games could get violent, but in the end, when the games are over, all the players are able to return home. On the other hand, the adults play their adult games, hurting anyone who does not play by the given rules, and not everyone is fortunate enough to return home. The children pretend to be violent at times but the adults actually are violent. As the children move through the novel, they use these games to develop from their innocence to a level of experience by actualizing the realities of their games through the lives of the adults. Through their own games and through the games of the adults, the children learn values of respect, courage, and understanding. As most children naturally do, Jem, Scout, and their newly-found friend Dill find amusements to make the days pass with excitement. When they first meet Dill, they are beginning the "day's play in the backyard"(11). The implication is that it becomes routine for them to play and that each day brings on a different experience.

Driving Under the Influence Essay -- Driving Safety, Drinking and Driv

Drunk driving is an issue that effects many people across our nation. People do not realize the affects alcohol can have on the body and mind that slow decision making while driving. This issue begins in the home. Children see their parents, or other adults figures, have a beer or a cocktail and get in the car. Thus, making it seem like it is acceptable to drink and drive. â€Å"One in three people will be involved in an alcohol-related crash in their lifetime† (MADD). Driving under the influence is measured by a person’s blood alcohol level (BAC). BAC is determined by the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream. Individual counties and states have their own legal level on blood alcohol percentages that they measure a person’s BAC to determine if they are intoxicated while behind the wheel. â€Å"Everywhere in the United States it is illegal to drive with a BAC of 0.08% or higher† (DUI Foundation). Once an individual makes the decision to get behind the wheel after consuming alcohol they are not only putting themselves at risk but the lives of other people on the road. After reviewing the Annual Report of the California DUI Management I was astonished to find that in 2008 there were a total of 214,811 DUI arrests (Annual Report). Of those 214,811 arrests I was sickened to find that 38,266 of the drivers were a second-offender (Annual Report). This means that these individuals have had one DUI arrest within the previous ten years. It is disheartening for me to discover that 26.4% of the reported 214,811 arrests are due to individuals who were second to fourth-offenders. California obviously has an issue with people who really do not give a second thought to getting behind the wheel of their cars after partaking ... ...† a week teaching kids the dangers of alcohol and drugs, is not the answer. Let us not just teach children to say, â€Å"NO!† to drugs and alcohol, but say â€Å"No!† to drinking and driving. I would much rather have my children and their friends saying â€Å"no† then making the choice to get behind the wheel under the influence and harm themselves or cause injury to others. Works Cited "DUI_2010_MIS_AR.pdf." California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS). Web. 11 Dec. By. "MADD - Statistics." MADD - Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. By. MADD - Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. Home | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Web. 11 Dec. 2010. DUI Foundation | Educate & Prevent. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. Century Council. "Learn the Facts." Www.centurycouncil.org. Web. Warner, Veronica. â€Å"Alcohol.† Questionnaire. Fresno, 2010.

The Tibetan Genocide :: Chinese Tibet Human Race Papers

The Chinese have repeatedly tortured, imprisoned, and murdered Tibetans all for what they claim is national unity. While the oppression of the Tibetan people began in the 1950’s with the invasion of China, it continues just as strongly today. From religious oppression and unfair trials to the torture of nuns and monks, the Chinese abuse even the most reverent aspects of Tibetan culture. Political prisoners, whether they are monks, nuns or lay people, are tortured with utter disregard for human rights. Chinese laws have also been established to eradicate the Tibetan people entirely. Women often must endure forced abortions and sterilization due to Chinese birth policies. Through all of these crimes against humanity, China repeatedly commits acts of genocide as established by the United Nations. A precise definition of genocide was instituted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. It states that genocide occurs when, â€Å"one group kills members of another group, causes serious bodily or mental harm, inflicts conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, prevents births within the group, and forcibly transfers children of the group to another group† (Destexhe, 1). Using this definition as a guideline, it is clear that China has not only committed genocide against Tibet in the past, but is continually doing so in contemporary society. China’s policy of political imprisonment is a clear act of genocide. It is used to incite bodily and mental harm and inflict conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of the Tibetan people. At times imprisonment even results in death. These crimes are all accomplished under the guise of being legal in Chinese law. A statement made by Amnesty International in 1996 cites these abuses: Torture and ill-treatment remain widespread and systemic in China†¦these violations occur in police stations, detention centers, labor camps, and prisons across the country, sometimes resulting in the death of victims. Many acts which constitute torture or ill-treatment-notably the use of torture to punish, coerce, or intimidate a person-are not offenses under the law. (Kent, 222) Many Tibetans are arrested and put through such treatment with little to no evidence supporting them as criminals. In a sudden â€Å"clampdown† that started in February of 1992, groups of ten Chinese raided Tibetan homes in Lhasa arresting more than 200 people. Those arrested were said to be in possession of â€Å"subversive materials, such as photographs, and tapes or books containing speeches or teachings of the Dalai Lama† (Kumar, 77).

Abusive Relationships: Why Stay in the Relationship and What Determines Leaving Essay

It is often asked why a woman doesn’t leave an abusive relationship. Society tends to assume that the decision is as simple as a normal break-up, if not easier because there is an obvious reason to leave. But there are many factors involved into the relationship and many things to consider when making the decision to stay or to leave. In abusive relationships, what determines staying and what determines leave? It is estimated that annually 3 million occurrences of domestic violence occur and that one in four women will become a victim of such violence. Of those victims, more than four people are killed daily as a result of domestic violence (DVRC). With abuse possibly escalating to a point of death, why would a spouse stay in a relationship? Conclusions have been drawn as to why a woman might stay in the relationship, including internal and external resources. The external resources would include such things as an income, social support, housing etc. Internal resources would include a person’s self-esteem, mental health status, whether they suffer from depression or anxiety. Pamela Choice and Leanne Lamke stated that different theories needed to be taken into consideration when observing a women’s decision to stay or leave. The theories included learned helplessness, psychological entrapment, the investment model and reasoned action or planned behavior. Learned helpless is a situation where the victim feels she had no other options, that not matter what she does the situation will remain the same. Psychological entrapment is where a women tries to make the relationship a nonviolent one, but instead the violence continues causing her to feel that she should have tried harder. This situation often leaves the woman feeling that a nonviolent relationship is attainable and questioning if it is worth the investment, and if so, she then feels that there is too much invested thus far to leave, in turn causing the feelings of entrapment. The investment model determines whether maintaining the current relationship is worthwhile, is she better off to leave and is she satisfied in the relationship. Finally, the reasoned action model is where a women is able to determine if she is able to actually leave, is it within her control and is it more beneficial for her to leave than to stay in the relationship. External forces also contribute to a woman’s decision to leave. Establishing employment, housing and other essential tasks also become extremely difficult during the separation from an abusive partner (Bell 2007). With such struggles, within two months 60% of women end up returning to their partners (Bell 2007). In Carlson and McNutt’s study observing partner abuse and mental health, they looked at the women’s personal history of abuse. Whether or not she been exposed to violence as a child or as an adult. Also the effects the abuse has on a women’s mental health including depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. They found that many battered women had low levels of social support which in turn lead to higher levels of depression and more difficulty with problem solving. In a self-evaluation, many of the participants reported higher levels of symptoms for anxiety and depression (Carlson 2002). Women in an abused relationship tend to have a certain level of dependency upon their partner, causing them to feel trapped. Women who are more likely to be economically dependent and unemployed (especially with children) are at a higher risk of being in an abusive relationship (Bostock 2008). Bostock et. al studied what reasons were involved in a woman decision to stay in a harmful relationship. They investigated twelve women from rural Northern New England between the ages of 21 and 56, on various aspects of the relationship. Theses aspects included how the abuse began, the ways of abusing, the impact of the abuse, what factors contributed to recognizing the abuse as intolerable and what helped in gaining independence. They concluded that a women’s reason for stay was fear of the abuser, a feeling of commitment to the relationship and insufficient funds or resources. To help leave the relationship the women studied pulled upon their sense of hope, humor and spirituality and reclaiming their identity (Bostock 2008). In 1976 Richard Gelles studied abused wives and why they stay. In his article he stated that women do not break off a relationship for a number of reasons including negative self-esteem, the belief the husband will reform, economic hardship, difficulty of employment, surviving alone, the children’s wellbeing (economically) and the stigma with divorce. He also discovered that a woman would be more likely to stay in an abusive relationship if she had been exposed to abuse as a child, growing up with idea that it is allowed for a man to hit his wife. Another contributing factor to a women’s decision to stay is a lack of outside resources, not seeing many alternatives to the current situation. If the abuse is inconstant and not considered severe, then she will remain with the spouse (Gelles 1976). The decision to leave an abusive relationship was studied by Michael Strube in 1984, and his work was cited through many other journals. The population consisted of 251 women of low to middle income, varying in age from 17 to 69 to have been exposed to moderate of life threatening violence. Of the 251 women, 177 had decided to leave the abusive partner and those who stayed reported doing so because of love-the abuser promised changing behavior, economic hardship or lack of resources. Strube concluded that a woman was more likely to remain with the abuser if the violence was considered less frequent and less severe. Also, if the woman was exposed to violent models as a child she was more likely to remain as opposed to women who had not. But women who had previously been in an abusive relationship were less likely to remain in another relationship, because they had developed intolerance to the abuse. Strube also found that women with fewer resources, such as economic and social support were less likely to leave. Studies have found though that ending a relationship does not end the abuse, violence is often high is situations where the women is separate from the abuser as opposed to if she was involved in a relationship. Another factor involved is how the separation occurred rather than whether or not the separation occurred (Bell 2007). The decision to leave a relationship is difficult it becomes increasingly difficult when the partner is violent. The women, individual mentally have to â€Å"prepare† themselves as such to leave the relationship, and evaluate every aspect of their life and their future. Without sufficient support and resources leaving a dangerous and harmful situation is virtually impossible. To seek the support and resources a certain level of self worth and esteem is essential, providing the woman with an appreciation for her future.

Development of Scince and Technology in India

Since Independence, India has endeavoured to bring economical and neighborly change with experience and engine room. The effort has been some(prenominal) on upgrading the traditionalistic skills to make them pertinent and competitive and create ripe capabilities in frontier argonas of learning and engineering intuition. The flockaries who led the increaseing of science and engineering (S&T) in India were convinced that S&T could play an classical bureau in transforming India in to a modern, industrialized alignment. view and entrusts show that this confidence was puff up placed. scientific discipline, technology, and first appearance be even more(prenominal) relevant directly. scientific k like a shotledge and expertise, innovation, high technology, industrial infrastructure and skilled go military posture argon the currencies of this sophisticated era. scholarship and apply science ar authorized drivers of economic growth and schooling in the contemporary gentleman. The express occasion is critical for Indian science and major(ip)(ip) positive steps in this empyrean testament help the surface ara to strike sustained and rapid growth in the future.The wisdom and engineering science Division of the grooming agency is the nodal division for t out(a) ensemble matters relating to cognizance and Technology Plan conceptualisation ( both Five affable class Plans and Annual Plans) and judgment of the S&T political programs of six major S&T agencies/ incisions, viz. discussion section of atomic might (DAE)- R&D Sector surgical incision of aloofness ( do) segment of learning and Technology (DST) Department of biotechnology (DBT) Department of Scientific and industrial look (DSIR) including the Council of Scientific and industrial seek (CSIR) Ministry of creation wisdoms (MoES) The Division has been maintaining a close striking with these S&T agencies/departments for smooth study flow and provides t hem important suggestions/inputs in the formulation of various S&T plans and create mentallys at various wooden legs of plan formulation, implementation and unrivalled-half course of studyly reviews. The Division has as closely as been providing important inputs in the formulation of S&T indemnity.In order to promote Science and Technology in the States/UTs, create scientific aw argonness among the masses by way of conduct of popularization of S&T and technology dissemi solid ground for disclose the quality of biography of the corporation, the Division infratakes flesh out discussions with the re toastatives of the States/UTs and provides important inputs/suggestions for the formulation of their Five Year Plans and Annual Plans in respect of the Science and Technology Sector. The indispensable division of science in modern spirit is non oerstated in view of todays world. Science and technology pretend pro namely influenced the melodic phrase of valet civili zation.Science has provided us remarkable insights into the world we live in. The scientific revolutions of the 20th snow father led to many an(prenominal) technologies, which look to to herald wholly impertinentfoundly eras in many written reports, As we stand today at the beginning of a new pennyury, we impart to ensure fullest spend of these in definings for the thoroughly world of our batch. Science and technology fix been an integral part of Indian elaboration and culture over the past some(prenominal) millennia. Few are aware that India was the brain of important foundational scientific tuitions and approaches.These cover many wide scientific discoveries and technological achievements in Mathematics, Astronomy, Architecture, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Medicine, Natural Philosophy and otherwise areas. A with child(p) deal of this travelled outward from India. Equally, India be nerves assimilated scientific ideas and techniques from elsew here, with open-mind edness and a thinking(prenominal) attitude, characteristic of a scientific ethos. Indias traditions experience been founded on the principles of universal harmoniousness, respect for all creations and an integrated holistic approach.This background is potence to provide valuable insights for future scientific advances. During the century prior to independence, there was an awaken of modem science in India through with(predicate) the efforts of a weigh of outstanding scientists. They were responsible for large(p) scientific advances of the highest inter case caliber. Apart from the enormous changes it has brought about, the suppuration of a scientific ire in the people is considered important. In the be after economy of a artless, science must necessarily play an peculiarly important percentage.Improvements in techniques evolved as a result of scientific inquiry brings about commodious increases in business in the unlike celestial spheres of the economy. National r e ascendants are augmented by the substitution of cheap and abundant materials for those in scarce supplies and by finding uses for materials, which flip remained un-utilized, prior to independence, very little concern was given to the problem of scientific and industrial interrogation in India. A publication of universities and institutes carried out enquiry, aboutly on indispensable aspects of science.Certain industries also had their own inquiry organizations. However, industriousness depended, by and queen-sized, on foreign techniques and did non develop enquiry programmes of its own. A whopping number of products that had been imported into the body politic had to be manu eventured to meet both noncombatant and military needs. Indian substitutes had to be found for imported materials and processes had to be developed which would use these materials in place of imported ones. In these circumstances, the Government of India effected break off lineup of Scientific and Industrial research in 1940.The Council of Scientific and Industrial look into was create in 1942. Since independence there has been a greater emphasis on the readying of additional facilities for the promotion of scientific and industrial research. The most square increment in this sphere has been the establishment of a grasp of case laboratories and research institutes in unlike parts of the country. The establishment of field laboratories and research institutes has a special importance in a country like India where fair and small-scale producers contri neverthelesse a enormous proportion of industrial proceeds.These industries force outnot afford to affirm research facilities of their own, as the larger producers can. anyhow these laboratories and research institutes, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research has make contributions towards the promotion of funda psychical and utilize research at a number of institutions and universities. In the half c entury since independence, India has been affiliated to the task of promoting the spread of science. The key role of technology as an important cistron of bailiwick developing is also well recognized.The Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 and the Technology Policy Statement of 1983 enunciated the principles on which die off growth of science and technology in India has been based over the past several(prenominal)(prenominal) decades. These policies reserve emphasized self-reliance, as also sustainable and equitable development. Successes in agriculture, health care, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, atomic verve, astronomy and astrophysics, property technology and applications, defence research, biotechnology, electronics, information technology and oceanography are widely ac familiarityd. major national achievements overwhelm very probatory increase in aliment production, eradication or mince of several distempers and increase smell antepast of our citizens. While these developments have been highly satisfying, one is also aware of die prominent changes that have taken place, and continue to do so, in die practice of science, in technology development, and their relationships with, and feign on die nightspot. Particularly striking is die adeptness with which science and technology is moving ahead.Science is befitting increasingly inter-and multi-disciplinary, and calls for multi-institutional and, in several cases, multi-country participation. Major experimental facilities, even in several areas of staple research, require very large amount of materials, benevolent and able resources. Science and technology have break so closely intertwined, and so reinforce apiece other that, to be effective, any polity needs to view them together.The continuing revolutions in die field of information and dialogue technology have had profound jolt on the manner and speed with which scientific information becomes available, and scientific interac tions take place. Science and technology have had unprecedented usurpation on economic growth and favorable development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and antecedent. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of friendship, to new norms of intellectual property undecomposeds, and to global trade and technology control regimes.Scientific and technological developments today also have deep ethical, legal and genial implications. There are deep concerns in society about these. The ongoing globalisation and the intensely competitive environment have a significant impact on the production and service sectors. Because of all this, our science and technology strategy has to be infused with new vitality if it is to play a deciding(prenominal) and beneficial role hi move on the well be of all sections of our society. The nation continues to be firm in its square off to provide science and technology in all its facets.It recognizes its central role in ra ising the quality of life of the people of the country, particularly of the disadvantaged sections of society, in creating wealthinessiness for all, in making India globally competitive, in utilizing immanent resources in a sustainable manner, in defend die environment, and ensuring national security. India has the third largest scientific and technical hands in the world 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories that have made some significant achievements.In the field of missile launch technology, India is among the tailfin top nations of the world. Science and Technology, however, is used as an effective instrument of growth and change. It is world brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of agriculture, intentness and run. The countrys resources are used to derive the maximum output for the return of society and forward motion in the quality of life. About 85 per cent of the funds for science and technology come directly or indirectly from the Government.The science and technology infrastructure in the country accounts for more than one per cent of the GNP. Science and technology in India is enter a new frontier. The prime purpose of Indias nuclear energy programme is the development and use of nuclear energy for nonbelligerent purposes such as power coevals, applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, research and other areas. India is today recognized as one of the countries most locomote in nuclear technology including production of source materials.The country is self-reliant and has master the expertise diligence the complete nuclear cycle-from exploration and mining to power constituentration and waste focussing. Accelerators and research and power reactors are now designed and built naturally. The educate variable energy cyclotron at Kolkata and a medium energy heavy ion accelerator pe dal pelletron set up recently at Mumbai are national research facilities in the frontier areas of the science. As part of its programme for peaceful uses of atomic energy, India has also embarked on a program of nuclear power contemporaries.Currently eight nuclear stations are producing 8 billion kilowatts of electricity. Four more nuclear power stations have been planned. The new nuclear reactors have been all in all designed in India. The peaceful nuclear programme also allows producing radio-isotopes for use in agriculture, medicine, industry and research. The Indian lieu Research Organization (ISRO), under the Department of blank shell (DOS), is responsible for research, development and consummation in position systems in the areas of planet communications, unlike comprehend for resource survey, environmental monitoring, meteorological services etc.DOS is also the nodal agency for the visible Research laboratorywhich conducts research in the areas of outer space scie nce, and the National Remote espial theatrical which deploys modern far sensing techniques for pictorial resource surveys and provides exerciseal services to substance abuser agencies. India is the only third world country to develop its own unconnected sensing artificial satellite. India joined a select mathematical group of six nations on October 15, 1994, when the icy cranial orbiter engross vehicle (PSLV) successfully . fulfill its mission of placing the 800-kg remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, in the intended orbit.The INSAT series of satellites launched earlier are performing well and provide vital services for telecommunications, tv, meteorology, disaster warning and regret detection. The latest INSAT series go out include new features like Kit-band transponders and mobile satellite service, transponders. The remote-sensing satellites, launched in 1988 and 1991, have already become the mainstays of the indwelling resource management system of the country. Th e projected launch of advanced remote sensing satellite will not only enhance the scope of their application, but will also offer commercial-grade service to other countries.The most significant milestone of the Indian quad plan during the year 2005-06 was the successful launch of PSLV-C6. On May 5, 2006, the ninth flight of Polar beam Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C6) from Satish Dhawan lieu centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota successfully placed ii satellites-1560 kg CARTOSTAR-1 and 42 kg HAMSAT-into a predetermined polar Sun synchronised Orbit (SSO). The successful launch of INSAT-4A, the heaviest and most tidy Satellite built by India so far, on 22 celestial latitude 2005 was the other major event of the year 2005-06. INSAT-4A is capable of providing Direct-To-Home (DTH) television broadcasting services.The Indian space programme entered a new era when ISROs Polar Satellite Launch vehicle (PSLV)-C7 successfully launched on January 10,2007 4 satellites into high polar orbit from Sati sh Dhawan berth Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. The four satellites put into orbit were Indias CARTUSAT-2 and space Capsule Recovery Experiment. (SRE-1), Indonesias LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argentinas PEHUENSAT-1. The Indian achievement in the application of space-based remote sensing technology has led a US company to enter into an balance for marketing the data from Indian satellites globally.Indias increase in space technology has attracted world-wide attention and demand, with leasing agreements for marketing of IRS data and communicate of space hardware and services. India also believes in co-operation in space with agencies all over the world. A high- aim UN team selected India for ambit up a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education. India is on the verge of achieving self-reliance in the launch force. It will be a befitting subvention to the father of the Indian space program, Dr. Vikararn Sarabhai, whose ninetieth take anniversary was observed in August 2006.India h as been the forerunner among the developing countries in promoting multi-disciplinary activities in the field of biotechnology, recognizing the practically straight-out possibility of their applications in increasing outlandish and industrial production, and in improving human and animal life. The nucleus of research in this area is the National bioengineering Board, constituted in 1982. A Department of Biotechnology was created in 1986. Recently, the Biotechnology Consortium India particular(a) was set up. It will play the role of catalyst in bridging the breakage mingled with Research and Development, Industrial and Financial Institutions.Some of the new initiatives taken include developing techniques for gene mapping, conservation of biodiversity and bio indicators research, special biotechnology programs for the improvement of die scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and activities in the area of plantation oops. The areas, which have been receiving attention, are cattl e herd improvement through embryo transfer technology, in vitro e enormousation of disease resistant plant varieties for obtaining higher(prenominal) yields, and development of vaccines for various diseases.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was realised in 1942, and is today the premier institution for scientific and industrial research. It has a ne devilrk of 40 laboratories, two co-operative industrial research institutions and more than deoxycytidine monophosphate extension and field centres. The Councils research programs are directed towards effective physical exercise of the countrys inhering resources and development of new processes and products for economic progress. It is now playing a leading role in the fulfillment of the technology missions evolved by the Government.Thus, we see that India has made unprecedented development in the field of scientific research and technology during the post-independence period and this just seems to be the beginni ng of a road with everlasting possibilities. All we need is to plan and conduct in a way so as to be able to arms our intelligentsia in the right focalisation and provide it with the right opportunities. Science has been a major force in the development of the modern world. It has had a great impact on industry, commerce and the societal life of nations. India is rightly proud of the high world-wide standing of its scientific community.The rapid growth in its heavy industrial sector is one testament to this achievement. Yet at a time when new advances are being made in about all fields of investigation and practical application, the fact remains that ninety percent of the country lies outside the influence of science, unaffected or barely touched by the rapid growth in familiarity and the new technologies that have evolved. This is a country where highly advanced industry lives on side primitive agriculture, but unaffectionate by an ample generation gap a gap in educat ion, successfulness and motivation.The reason for this is that science as it exists here today is not a immanent development of nor integrated with the life of the nation. quite it has been imposed as a superstructure on the amicable and economic life of the country and has failed to become a dynamic force for widespread social upliftment. Government planners have recognized this gap which divides the nation by a fewer centuries of progress and we are now seeing the first in truth attempts to bridge the distance. The problem of development is twofold.It is a task of awakening the sleeping potential of the country and educating it for effective action. It is also a task of alineing and molding the latest discoveries, technologies and life styles imported from the western world into a form and spirit in harmony with Indias social and cultural heritage. In the field of science this dual necessity can easily be seen. It is not nice that we create in the people an involution in m odern technology or a willingness to adopt it.It is first essential that the scientific community in India adapt itself to the needs of the country and the people. The pivotal questions are how to involve scientists in evolving technologies relevant to the present needs of the people which elbow room the bucolic communities and how to ensure the application of existing fellowship in the field of agriculture, industry and social life. In the developed countries which passed through the Industrial Revolution, science has come to occupy its present position through successive stages of subjective social evolution.Among the conditions responsible for this development were the birth of democracy and political freedom, the spread of education, the deck up of critical mental enquiry as a reaction to the dogmatism of Christianity and the spirited expansion of human society through the opening of world wide commerce. nous began to revolt against stagnation and religious vehemence a nd to actively look for relationships between natural phenomena. Intuition was given scope for expression. This mental awakening took place in the mount of an industrial revolution.That is, mental enquiry at once expressed itself through the ceremony of natural law and the application of this knowledge for devising instruments of social utility. Mind arrogantly proclaimed itself the ruler of man and nature. nice science and applied technology grew side by side integrated with the society in which they rose through state-of-the-art stages of development. The industrial revolution absorbed the great mental energies unleashed by scientific enquiry. merchandise SCIENCE During the period of western industrialisation India was, historically speaking, in decline.Her population had wise to(p) to live on a subsistence level. The support of religion, culture and spirituality preserved social contentment and traditional ways. Society lacked the movement to grow and expand. Science as a social institution and organised way of life came to India only after independence. present it did not arise naturally out of the existing social conditions but preferably came as a decision by the national and authorities leaders to come after the developmental achievements of the West.It was not born of a ripened mental climate for originative thought nor from a condition of great commercial activity and expression. In other words, it was imposed as a superstructure on top of the nation without reference to the felt need of the people or the stage of its historical and sociological evolution. AGRICULTURE, CUM industrial CUM SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT now the scientific community transcends national borders and social customs. It is truly world(prenominal) in outlook, sub of knowledge, participation of members.A scientist draws inspiration in being recognised by the higher echelons of the outside(a) community. To this extent the scientist has become insulated from the social melodic phrase of the country in which he lives. This is especially true in India where science was never integrated with its social base. The problem approach us is to propose ways and means to accomplish this social integration of scientific knowledge and the community of scientists in India.The development of science in a society occurs under certain social conditions and progresses through certain stages of development. Neither these conditions nor stages can be completely eliminated though they may depart in their make-up and duration. But it is thinkable to foster the conditions which will accelerate a natural progressive development. For science to be integrated with life, it means that scientific knowledge and technology must be applied in the context of daily life which in India centers around agriculture and to a lesser extent industry and commerce.In fact the tasks of promoting the agricultural and industrial development of the nation and the application of science to social life are essentially one. The proper gloriole must be created for a natural development of science in conjunction with agriculture and industry. The linking of these three is the key to national development. VILLAGE BASED SCIENTIFIC mutation When the scientific community turns its attention to move on coarse life, the conditions will be right for a socio-scientific revolution at the resolution level. Rural life in India means agriculture and agro-based industries.Already agriculture is being develop through introduction of new hybridizing results, and the growing utilization of fertilizers and chemicals. Rural juvenility are becoming accustomed to the operation of machinery. More agricultural products are being converted into consumer goods through agro-based industries. But for the rural people to rise above the level of the soil and develop mentally and scientifically, it is essential to release the dynamism of the village population. The veridical lever of devel opment is the releasing and channeling of the social energies of the people.This can be accomplished when a few individuals in every community are made to see and benefit materially from the application of scientific techniques in their daily life. Once a few have prospered in this manner, whole villages will follow suit. Space science Space activities in the country started during early sixties with the scientific investigation of upper zephyr and ionosphere over the magnetic equator that passes over Thumba go about Thiruvananthapuram using small sounding rockets Realising the immense potential of space technology for national development, Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful technology could play a pregnant role in national development and solving the problems of common man. Thus, Indian Space programme born in the church service beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability to b uild and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources.The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research musical arrangement (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS persona of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, m ainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research research laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL).The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services Department of Atomic Energy The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set-up on August 3, 1954 under the direct charge of the Prime see through a Presidential Order. The vision of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is to empower India through technology, creation of more wealth and providing better quality of life to its citizen.This is to be achieved by making India energy independent, bestow to provision of sufficient, safe and nutritious food and better health care to our people through development and deployment of nuclear and beam technologies and their applications. DAE is engaged in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power/research reactors and the load-bearing(a) nuclear open fire cycle technologies covering exploration, mining and processing of nuclear minerals, production of heavy peeing, nuclear go off fabrication, fuel reprocessing and nuclear waste management. It is also eveloping advanced technologies that contribute to the national prosperity. The spin-off technologies, human resource developed and technical services being rendered by the Department have been greatly helping the Indian industry. The Department is also developing better crop varieties, techniques for control/eradication of insects thus protecting the crops, radiation based post harvest technologies, radiation based techniques for diagnosis and therapy of disease particularly cancer, technologies for safe drinking water, better environment and robust industry.Main Focus areas of work in DAE are Increasing treat of nuclear power through deployment of indigenous and other proven technologies, along with development of f ast breeder reactors and thorium reactors with associated fuel cycle facilities. 1. Building and operation of research reactors for production of radioisotopes and carrying out radiation technology applications in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry. 2.Developing advanced technologies such as accelerators, lasers, supercomputers, advanced materials and instrumentation, and support transfer of technology to industry. 3. Support to basic research in nuclear energy and related frontier areas of science, interaction with universities and schoolman institutions, support to research and development projects having a bearing in DAEs programmes and international co-operation in related advanced areas of research and 4. Contribution to national security.DAE has made the chase significant contributions of DAE to the national initiatives 1. AGRICULTURE compound production of oilseeds and pulses 2. EDUCATION, HEALTH i. Homi Bhabha National make for (HBNI) ii. National Initiativ e on undergraduate Science (NIUS) iii. Countrywide Services in Cancer through Telemedicine 3. FOOD & fodder SECURITYRadiation Processing of sustenance & Agro Products 4. WATER RESOURCESDesalination in water scarcity areas along the sea bank 5.ENERGY SECURITY Electricity supply in near and long term ensuring long term sustainable development. solar Energy Research Initiative Department of Science and Technology (DST) is primarily mandated with promotion of R activities. Accordingly, DSTs initiative on Solar Energy is positioned upstream with thrust on enabling knowledge based R activities for entire gamut of solar technologies including balance of systems. This is expect to be achieved through nurturing of R groups, formation of consortia and setting up of State-of-art facilities.Solar Energy utilization for applications both for power as well as other than power generation with a view to provide convergent technology solutions under real-life conditions are being explored and ass essed. DST in recent times has made foray in the area of solar energy through various duplicate independent initiatives with distinct objectives. S Inputs for Policy Formulation Precompetitive Research & Technology Upgradation underlying Research and Disruptive Technologies International Cooperation alter R for Solar Technologies